Judaism: The Written Law-Torah

Judaism: The Written Law - Torah TABLE OF CONTENTS THE ORAL LAW TORAH The Torah, or Jewish Written Law, consists of the five books of the Hebrew Bible - known more commonly to non-Jews as the "Old Testament" - that were given by G-d to Moses on Mount Sinai and include within them all of the biblical laws of Judaism. The Torah is also known as the Chumash, Pentateuch or Five Books of Moses. The word "Torah" has multiple meanings including: A scroll made from kosher animal parchment, with the entire text of the Five Books of Moses written on it; the text of the Five Books of Moses, written in any format; and, the term "Torah" can mean the entire corpus of Jewish law. This includes the Written and the Oral Law. Origin & Preexistence Jewish tradition holds that "Moses received the Torah from Sinai," yet there is also an ancient tradition that the Torah existed in heaven not only before God revealed it to Moses, but even before the world was created. In rabbinic literature, it was taught that the Torah was one of the six or seven things created prior to the creation of the world. According to Eliezer ben Yose the Galilean, for 974 generations before the creation of the world the Torah lay in God's bosom and joined the ministering angels in song. Simeon ben Lakish taught that the Torah preceded the world by 2,000 years and was written in black fire upon white fire. Akiva called the Torah "the precious instrument by which the world was created". Rav said that God created the world by looking into the Torah as an architect builds a palace by looking into blueprints. It was also taught that God took council with the Torah before He created the world. Other Jewish sages, however, disregard the literal belief that the Torah existed before all else. Saadiah Gaon rejected this belief on the grounds that it contradicts the principle of creation ex nihilo. Judah Barzillai of Barcelona raised the problem of place. Where could God have kept a preexistent Torah? While allowing that God could conceivably have provided an ante-mundane place for a corporeal Torah, he preferred the interpretation that the Torah preexisted only as a thought in the divine mind. Similarly, the Ibn Ezra raised the problem of time. He wrote that it is impossible for the Torah to have preceded the world by 2,000 years or even by one moment, since time is an accident of motion, and there was no motion before God created the celestial spheres; rather, he concluded, the teaching about the Torah's preexistence must be a metaphoric riddle. Judah Halevi attempts to alleviate the argument by explaining that the Torah precedes the world in terms of teleology; God created the world for the purpose of revealing the Torah; therefore, since, as the philosophers say, "the first of thought is the end of the work," the Torah is said to have existed before the world. Nature, Message & Purpose In the Bible, the Torah is referred to both as the "Torah of the Lord" and as the "Torah of Moses," and is said to be given as an inheritance to the congregation of Jacob- the Jewish people. Its purpose seems to be to make Israel "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation." The Septuagint rendered the Hebrew torah by the Greek nomos ("law"), probably in the sense of a living network of traditions and customs of a people. The designation of the Torah by nomos, and by its Latin successor lex (whence, "the Law"), has historically given rise to the misunderstanding that Torah means legalism. It was one of the very few real dogmas of rabbinic theology that the Torah is from heaven; i.e., the Torah in its entirety was revealed by God. According to biblical stories, Moses ascended into heaven to capture the Torah from the angels. In one of the oldest mishnaic statements it is taught that Torah is one of the three things by which the world is sustained. Eleazar ben Shammua said: "Were it not for the Torah, heaven and earth would not continue to exist". The Torah was often compared to fire, water, wine, oil, milk, honey, drugs, manna, the tree of life, and many other things; it was considered the source of freedom, goodness, and life; it was identified both with wisdom and with love. Hillel summarized the entire Torah in one sentence: "What is hateful to you, do not to your fellow". Akiva said: "The fundamental principle of the Torah is the commandment, 'Love thy neighbor as thyself '". The message of the Torah is for all mankind. Before giving the Torah to Israel, God offered it to the other nations, but they refused it; and when He did give the Torah to Israel, He revealed it in the extraterritorial desert and simultaneously in all the 70 languages, so that men of all nations would have a right to it. Alongside this universalism, the rabbis taught the inseparability of Israel and the Torah. One rabbi held that the concept of Israel existed in God's mind even before He created the Torah. Yet, were it not for its accepting the Torah, Israel would not be "chosen," nor would it be different from all the idolatrous nations. Saadiah Gaon expounded a rationalist theory according to which the ethical and religious-intellectual beliefs imparted by the Torah are all attainable by human reason. He held that the Torah is divisible into two parts: (1) commandments which, in addition to being revealed, are demanded by reason (e.g., prohibitions of murder, fornication, theft, lying); and (2) commandments whose authority is revelation alone (e.g., Sabbath and dietary laws), but which generally are understandable in terms of some personal or social benefit attained by their performance. In the period between Saadiah and Maimonides, most Jewish writers who speculated on the nature of the Torah continued in this rationalist tradition. Judah Halevi, however, opposed the rationalist interpretation. He allowed that the Torah contains rational and political laws, but considered them preliminary to the specifically divine laws and teachings which cannot be comprehended by reason, e.g., the laws of the Sabbath which teach the omnipotence of God and the creation of the world. The Torah makes it possible to approach God by awe, love, and joy. It is the essence of wisdom, and the outcome of the will of God to reveal His kingdom on earth as it is in heaven. While Judah Halevi held that Israel was created to fulfill the Torah, he wrote that there would be no Torah were there no Israel. Maimonides emphasized that the Torah is the product of the unique prophecy of Moses. He maintained that the Torah has two purposes: (1) The welfare of the body, which is a prerequisite of the ultimate purpose, is political, and "consists in the governance of the city and the well-being of the state of all its people according to their capacity. (2) The welfare of the soul (intellect), which consists in the true perfection of man, his acquisition of immortality through intellection of the highest things. Maimonides held that the Torah is similar to other laws in its concern with the welfare of the body; but its divine nature is reflected in its concern for the welfare of the soul. Maimonides saw the Torah as a rationalizing force, warring against superstition, imagination, appetite, and idolatry. He cited the rabbinic dictum, "Everyone who disbelieves in idolatry professes the Torah in its entirety", and taught that the foundation of the Torah and the pivot around which it turns consists in the effacement of idolatry. He held that the Torah must be interpreted in the light of reason. While Maimonides generally restricted analysis of the nature of the Torah to questions of its educational, moral, or political value, the Spanish kabbalists engaged in bold metaphysical speculation concerning its essence. The kabbalists taught that the Torah is a living organism. Some said the entire Torah consists of the names of God set in succession or interwoven into a fabric. Ultimately, it was said that the Torah is God. This identification of the Torah and God was understood to refer to the Torah in its true primordial essence, and not to its manifestation in the world of creation. Influenced by Maimonides, Baruch Spinoza took the position that the Torah is an exclusively political law, however he broke radically with all rabbinic tradition by denying its divine nature, by making it an object of historical-critical investigation, and by maintaining that it was not written by Moses alone but by various authors living at different times. Moreover, he considered the Torah primitive, unscientific, and particularistic, and thus subversive to progress, reason, and universal morality. By portraying the Torah as a product of the Jewish people, he reversed the traditional opinion according to which the Jewish people are a product of the Torah. Moses Mendelssohn considered the Torah a political law, but he affirmed its divine nature. He explained that the Torah does not intend to reveal new ideas about deism and morality, but rather, through its laws and institutions, to arouse men to be mindful of the true ideas attainable by all men through reason. By identifying the beliefs of the Torah with the truths of reason, Mendelssohn affirmed both its scientific respectability and its universalistic nature. By defining the Torah as a political law given to Israel by God, he preserved the traditional view that Israel is a product of the Torah, and not, as Spinoza claimed, vice versa. With the rise of the science of Judaism (Wissenschaft des Judentums) in the 19th century, and the advance of the historical-critical approach to the Torah, many Jewish intellectuals, including ideologists of Reform like Abraham Geiger, followed Spinoza in seeing the Torah, at least in part, as a product of the primitive history of the Jewish nation. The increasing intellectualization of the Torah was opposed by Samuel David Luzzatto. He contended that the belief that God revealed the Torah is the starting point of Judaism, and that this belief, with its momentous implications concerning the nature of God and His relation to man, cannot be attained by philosophy. Luzzatto held that the foundation of the whole Torah is compassion. In their German translation of the Bible, Martin Buber translated torah as Weisung or Unterweisung ("Instruction") and not as Gesetz ("Law"). In general, he agreed on the purpose of the Torah - to convert the universe and God from It to Thou - yet differed on several points concerning its nature. Buber saw the Torah as the past dialogue between Israel and God, and the present dialogue between the individual reader, the I, and God, the Thou. He concluded that while one must open himself to the entire teaching of the Torah, he need only accept a particular law of the Torah if he feels that it is being spoken now to him. The secular Zionism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries gave religious thinkers new cause to define the relationship between the Torah and the Jewish nation. Some defined the Torah in terms of the nation. Thus, Mordecai Kaplan translated Ahad Ha-Am's sociological theory of the evolution of Jewish civilization into a religious, though naturalistic, theory of the Torah as the "religious civilization of the Jews." Other thinkers defined the nation in terms of the Torah. Thus, Abraham Isaac Kook taught that the purpose of the Torah is to reveal the living light of the universe, the suprarational spiritual, to Israel and, through Israel, to all mankind. While the Written Torah, which reveals the light in the highest channel of our soul, is the product of God alone, the Oral Torah, which is inseparable from the Written Torah, and which reveals the light in a second channel of our soul, proximate to the life of deeds, derives its personality from the spirit of the nation. The Oral Torah can live in its fullness only when Israel lives in its fullness – in peace and independence in the Land of Israel. Thus, according to Kook, modern Zionism, whatever the intent of its secular ideologists, has universal religious significance, for it is acting in service of the Torah. In the State of Israel, most writers and educators have maintained the secularist position of the early Zionists, namely, that the Torah was not revealed by God, in the traditional sense, but is the product of the national life of ancient Israel. Those who have discussed the Torah and its relation to the state from a religious point of view have mostly followed Kook or Buber. However, a radically rationalist approach to the nature of the Torah has been taught by Yeshayahu Leibowitz who emphasizes that the Torah is a law for the worship of God and for the consequent obliteration of the worship of men and things; in this connection, he condemns the subordination of the Torah to nationalism or to religious sentimentalism or to any ideology or institution. Eternality (Non-Abrogability) In the Bible there is no text unanimously understood to affirm explicitly the eternity or nonabrogability of the Torah; however, many laws of the Torah are accompanied by phrases such as, "an everlasting injunction through your generations." Whereas the rabbis understood the preexistence of the Torah in terms of its prerevelation existence in heaven, they understood the eternity or nonabrogability of the Torah in terms of its postrevelation existence, not in heaven; i.e., the whole Torah was given to Moses and no part of it remained in heaven. When Eliezer ben Hyrcanus and Joshua ben Hananiah were debating a point of Torah and a voice from heaven dramatically announced that Eliezer's position was correct, Joshua refused to recognize its testimony, for the Torah "is not in heaven", and must be interpreted by men, unaided by the supernatural. It was a principle that "a prophet is henceforth not permitted to innovate a thing." The rabbis taught that the Torah would continue to exist in the world to come, although some of them were of the opinion that innovations would be made in the messianic era. With the rise to political power of Christianity and Islam, two religions which sought to convert Jews and which argued that particular injunctions of the Torah had been abrogated, the question of the eternity or "nonabrogability" of the Torah became urgent. Saadiah Gaon stated that the children of Israel have a clear tradition from the prophets that the laws of the Torah are not subject to abrogation. Presenting scriptural corroboration for this tradition, he appealed to phrases appended to certain commandments, e.g., "throughout their generations, for a perpetual covenant." According to one novel argument of his, the Jewish nation is a nation only by virtue of its laws, namely, the Torah; God has stated that the Jewish nation will endure as long as the heaven and earth; therefore, the Torah will last as long as heaven and earth. He interpreted the verses, "Remember ye the Torah of Moses… Behold, I will send you Elijah…" , as teaching that the Torah will hold valid until the prophet Elijah returns to herald the resurrection. Maimonides listed the belief in the eternity of the Torah as the ninth of his 13 principles of Judaism, and connected it with the belief that no prophet will surpass Moses, the only man to give people laws through prophecy. He contended that the eternity of the Torah is stated clearly in the Bible, particularly in the passages "thou shalt not add thereto, nor diminish from it" and "the things that are revealed belong unto us and to our children for ever, that we may do all the words of this Torah". He offered the following explanation of the Torah's eternity, based on its perfection and on the theory of the mean: "The Torah of the Lord is perfect" (Ps. 19:8) in that its statutes are just, i.e., that they are equibalanced between the burdensome and the indulgent; and "when a thing is perfect as it is possible to be within its species, it is impossible that within that species there should be found another thing that does not fall short of the perfection either because of excess or deficiency." Joseph Albo criticized Maimonides for listing the belief in the eternity of the Torah as an independent fundamental belief of Judaism. In a long discussion he contended that nonabrogation is not a fundamental principle of the Torah, and that moreover, no text can be found in the Bible to establish it. Ironically, his ultimate position turned out to be closer to Maimonides' for he concluded that the belief in the nonabrogation of the Torah is a branch of the doctrine that no prophet will surpass the excellence of Moses. After Albo, the question of the eternity of the Torah became routine in Jewish philosophical literature. However, in the Kabbalah it was never routine. In the 13th-century Sefer ha-Temunah a doctrine of cosmic cycles (or shemittot; cf. Deut. 15) was expounded, according to which creation is renewed every 7,000 years, at which times the letters of the Torah reassemble, and the Torah enters the new cycle bearing different words and meanings. Thus, while eternal in its unrevealed state, the Torah, in its manifestation in creation, is destined to be abrogated. This doctrine became popular in later kabbalistic and ḥasidic literature, and was exploited by the heretic Shabbetai Ẓevi and his followers, who claimed that a new cycle had begun, and in consequence he was able to teach that "the abrogation of the Torah is its fulfillment!" Jewish philosophers of modern times have not concentrated on the question of the eternity or nonabrogability of the Torah. Nevertheless, it is not entirely untenable that the main distinction between Orthodox Judaism and non-Orthodox Judaism is that the latter rejects the literal interpretation of the ninth principle of Maimonides' Creed that there will be no change in the Torah.

Islam: References to Jews in the Koran

Islam: References to Jews in the Koran TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT ISLAM THE KORAN The Koran is divided into 114 chapters called suras. The following are translations of passages found in these suras that are related to Jews. As in any translation, the original language is not always easy to render in English, and this particular translation uses more temperate language than some others. Sometimes the specific mention of Jews is not explanatory, so we then include the next relevant lines. Some of the more disparaging references are highlighted in bold. The Cow [2.40] O children of Israel! call to mind My favor which I bestowed on you and be faithful to (your) covenant with Me, I will fulfill (My) covenant with you; and of Me, Me alone, should you be afraid. [2.47] O children of Israel! call to mind My favor which I bestowed on you and that I made you excel the nations. [2.62] Surely those who believe, and those who are Jews, and the Christians, and the Sabians, whoever believes in Allah and the Last day and does good, they shall have their reward from their Lord, and there is no fear for them, nor shall they grieve. [2.83] And when We made a covenant with the children of Israel: You shall not serve any but Allah and (you shall do) good to (your) parents, and to the near of kin and to the orphans and the needy, and you shall speak to men good words and keep up prayer and pay the poor-rate. Then you turned back except a few of you and (now too) you turn aside. [2.88] And they say: Our hearts are covered. Nay, Allah has cursed them on account of their unbelief; so little it is that they believe. [2.98] Whoever is the enemy of Allah and His angels and His apostles and Jibreel and Meekaeel, so surely Allah is the enemy of the unbelievers. [2.111] And they say: None sh all enter the garden (or paradise) except he who is a Jew or a Christian. These are their vain desires. Say: Bring your proof if you are truthful. [2.113] And the Jews say: The Christians do not follow anything (good) and the Christians say: The Jews do not follow anything (good) while they recite the (same) Book. Even thus say those who have no knowledge, like to what they say; so Allah shall judge between them on the day of resurrection in what they differ. [2.120] And the Jews will not be pleased with you, nor the Christians until you follow their religion. Say: Surely Allah's guidance, that is the (true) guidance. And if you follow their desires after the knowledge that has come to you, you shall have no guardian from Allah, nor any helper. [2.121] Those to whom We have given the Book read it as it ought to be read. These believe in it; and whoever disbelieves in it, these it is that are the losers. [2.122] O children of Israel, call to mind My favor which I bestowed on you and that I made you excel the nations. [2.135] And they say: Be Jews or Christians, you will be on the right course. Say: Nay! (we follow) the religion of Ibrahim, the Hanif, and he was not one of the polytheists. [2.140] Nay! do you say that Ibrahim and Ismail and Yaqoub and the tribes were Jews or Christians? Say: Are you better knowing or Allah? And who is more unjust than he who conceals a testimony that he has from Allah? And Allah is not at all heedless of what you do. [2.211] Ask the Israelites how many a clear sign have We given them; and whoever changes the favor of Allah after it has come to him, then surely Allah is severe in requiting (evil). [2.246] Have you not considered the chiefs of the children of Israel after Musa, when they said to a prophet of theirs: Raise up for us a king, (that) we may fight in the way of Allah. He said: May it not be that you would not fight if fighting is ordained for you? They said: And what reason have we that we should not fight in the way of Allah, and we have indeed been compelled to abandon our homes and our children. But when fighting was ordained for them, they turned back, except a few of them, and Allah knows the unjust. The Family of Imran [3.23] Have you not considered those (Jews) who are given a portion of the Book? They are invited to the Book of Allah that it might decide between them, then a part of them turn back and they withdraw. [3.24] This is because they say: The fire shall not touch us but for a few days; and what they have forged deceives them in the matter of their religion. [3.49] And (make him) an apostle to the children of Israel: That I have come to you with a sign from your Lord, that I determine for you out of dust like the form of a bird, then I breathe into it and it becomes a bird with Allah's permission and I heal the blind and the leprous, and bring the dead to life with Allah's permission and I inform you of what you should eat and what you should store in your houses; most surely there is a sign in this for you, if you are believers. [3.67] Ibrahim was not a Jew nor a Christian but he was (an) upright (man), a Muslim, and he was not one of the polytheists. [3.93] All food was lawful to the children of Israel except that which Israel had forbidden to himself, before the Taurat was revealed. Say: Bring then the Taurat and read it, if you are truthful. The Women [4.46] Of those who are Jews (there are those who) alter words from their places and say: We have heard and we disobey and: Hear, may you not be made to hear! and: Raina, distorting (the word) with their tongues and taunting about religion; and if they had said (instead): We have heard and we obey, and hearken, and unzurna it would have been better for them and more upright; but Allah has cursed them on account of their unbelief, so they do not believe but a little. [4.47] O you who have been given the Book! believe that which We have revealed, verifying what you have, before We alter faces then turn them on their backs, or curse them as We cursed the violaters of the Sabbath, and the command of Allah shall be executed. [4.50] See how they forge the lie against Allah, and this is sufficient as a manifest sin. [4.160] Wherefore for the iniquity of those who are Jews did We disallow to them the good things which had been made lawful for them and for their hindering many (people) from Allah's way. [4.161] And their taking usury though indeed they were forbidden it and their devouring the property of people falsely, and We have prepared for the unbelievers from among them a painful chastisement. The Dinner Table [5.12] And certainly Allah made a covenant with the children of Israel, and We raised up among them twelve chieftains; and Allah said: Surely I am with you; if you keep up prayer and pay the poor-rate and believe in My apostles and assist them and offer to Allah a goodly gift, I will most certainly cover your evil deeds, and I will most certainly cause you to enter into gardens beneath which rivers flow, but whoever disbelieves from among you after that, he indeed shall lose the right way. [5.13] But on account of their breaking their covenant We cursed them and made their hearts hard; they altered the words from their places and they neglected a portion of what they were reminded of; and you shall always discover treachery in them excepting a few of them; so pardon them and turn away; surely Allah loves those who do good (to others). [5.18] And the Jews and the Christians say: We are the sons of Allah and His beloved ones. Say: Why does He then chastise you for your faults? Nay, you are mortals from among those whom He has created, He forgives whom He pleases and chastises whom He pleases; and Allah's is the kingdom of the heavens and the earth and what is between them, and to Him is the eventual coming. [5.32] For this reason did We prescribe to the children of Israel that whoever slays a soul, unless it be for manslaughter or for mischief in the land, it is as though he slew all men; and whoever keeps it alive, it is as though he kept alive all men; and certainly Our apostles came to them with clear arguments, but even after that many of them certainly act extravagantly in the land. [5.33] The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His apostle and strive to make mischief in the land is only this, that they should be murdered or crucified or their hands and their feet should be cut off on opposite sides or they should be imprisoned; this shall be as a disgrace for them in this world, and in the hereafter they shall have a grievous chastisement, [5.41] O Apostle! let not those grieve you who strive together in hastening to unbelief from among those who say with their mouths: We believe, and their hearts do not believe, and from among those who are Jews; they are listeners for the sake of a lie, listeners for another people who have not come to you; they alter the words from their places, saying: If you are given this, take it, and if you are not given this, be cautious; and as for him whose temptation Allah desires, you cannot control anything for him with Allah. Those are they for whom Allah does not desire that He should purify their hearts; they shall have disgrace in this world, and they shall have a grievous chastisement in the hereafter. [5.42] (They are) listeners of a lie, devourers of what is forbidden; therefore if they come to you, judge between them or turn aside from them, and if you turn aside from them, they shall not harm you in any way; and if you judge, judge between them with equity; surely Allah loves those who judge equitably. [5.43] And how do they make you a judge and they have the Taurat wherein is Allah's judgment? Yet they turn back after that, and these are not the believers. [5.44] Surely We revealed the Taurat in which was guidance and light; with it the prophets who submitted themselves (to Allah) judged (matters) for those who were Jews, and the masters of Divine knowledge and the doctors, because they were required to guard (part) of the Book of Allah, and they were witnesses thereof; therefore fear not the people and fear Me, and do not take a small price for My communications; and whoever did not judge by what Allah revealed, those are they that are the unbelievers. [5.51] O you who believe! do not take the Jews and the Christians for friends; they are friends of each other; and whoever amongst you takes them for a friend, then surely he is one of them; surely Allah does not guide the unjust people. [5:57] O you who believe! do not take for guardians those who take your religion for a mockery and a joke, from among those who were given the Book before you and the unbelievers; and be careful of (your duty to) Allah if you are believers. [5.59] Say: O followers of the Book! do you find fault with us (for aught) except that we believe in Allah and in what has been revealed to us and what was revealed before, and that most of you are transgressors? [5.60] Say: Shall I inform you of (him who is) worse than this in retribution from Allah? (Worse is he) whom Allah has cursed and brought His wrath upon, and of whom He made apes and swine, and he who served the Shaitan; these are worse in place and more erring from the straight path. [5.63] Why do not the learned men [rabbis] and the doctors of law prohibit them from their speaking of what is sinful and their eating of what is unlawfully acquired? Certainly evil is that which they work. [5.64] And the Jews say: The hand of Allah is tied up! Their hands shall be shackled and they shall be cursed for what they say. Nay, both His hands are spread out, He expends as He pleases; and what has been revealed to you from your Lord will certainly make many of them increase in inordinacy and unbelief; and We have put enmity and hatred among them till the day of resurrection; whenever they kindle a fire for war Allah puts it out, and they strive to make mischief in the land; and Allah does not love the mischief-makers. [5.69] Surely those who believe and those who are Jews and the Sabians and the Christians whoever believes in Allah and the last day and does good-- they shall have no fear nor shall they grieve. [5.70] Certainly We made a covenant with the children of Israel and We sent to them apostles; whenever there came to them an apostle with what that their souls did not desire, some (of them) did they call liars and some they slew. [5.72] Certainly they disbelieve who say: Surely Allah, He is the Messiah, son of Marium; and the Messiah said: O Children of Israel! serve Allah, my Lord and your Lord. Surely whoever associates (others) with Allah, then Allah has forbidden to him the garden, and his abode is the fire; and there shall be no helpers for the unjust. [5.73] Certainly they disbelieve who say: Surely Allah is the third (person) of the three; and there is no god but the one God, and if they desist not from what they say, a painful chastisement shall befall those among them who disbelieve. [5.78] Those who disbelieved from among the children of Israel were cursed by the tongue of Dawood and Isa, son of Marium; this was because they disobeyed and used to exceed the limit. [5.79] They used not to forbid each other the hateful things (which) they did; certainly evil was that which they did. [5.80] You will see many of them befriending those who disbelieve; certainly evil is that which their souls have sent before for them, that Allah became displeased with them and in chastisement shall they abide. [5.81] And had they believed in Allah and the prophet and what was revealed to him, they would not have taken them for friends but! most of them are transgressors. [5.82] Certainly you will find the most violent of people in enmity for those who believe (to be) the Jews and those who are polytheists, and you will certainly find the nearest in friendship to those who believe (to be) those who say: We are Christians; this is because there are priests and monks among them and because they do not behave proudly. [5.86] And (as for) those who disbelieve and reject Our communications, these are the companions of the flame. [5.110] When Allah will say: O Isa son of Marium! Remember My favor on you and on your mother, when I strengthened you I with the holy Spirit, you spoke to the people in the cradle and I when of old age, and when I taught you the Book and the wisdom and the Taurat and the Injeel; and when you determined out of clay a thing like the form of a bird by My permission, then you breathed into it and it became a bird by My permission, and you healed the blind and the leprous by My permission; and when you brought forth the dead by My permission; and when I withheld the children of Israel from you when you came to them with clear arguments, but those who disbelieved among them said: This is nothing but clear enchantment. The Cattle [6.146] And to those who were Jews We made unlawful every animal having claws, and of oxen and sheep We made unlawful to them the fat of both, except such as was on their backs or the entrails or what was mixed with bones: this was a punishment We gave them on account of their rebellion, and We are surely Truthful. The Elevated Places [7.105] (I am) worthy of not saying anything about Allah except the truth: I have come to you indeed with clear proof from your Lord, therefore send with me the children of Israel. [7.134] And when the plague fell upon them, they said: O Musa! pray for us to your Lord as He has promised with you, if you remove the plague from us, we will certainly believe in you and we will certainly send away with you the children of Israel. [7.137] And We made the people who were deemed weak to inherit the eastern lands and the western ones which We had blessed; and the good word of your Lord was fulfilled in the children of Israel because they bore up (sufferings) patiently; and We utterly destroyed what Firon and his people had wrought and what they built. [7.138] And We made the children of Israel to pass the sea; then they came upon a people who kept to the worship of their idols. They said: O Musa! make for us a god as they have (their) gods. He said: Surely you are a people acting ignorantly: The Immunity [9.30] And the Jews say: Uzair is the son of Allah; and the Christians say: The Messiah is the son of Allah; these are the words of their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who disbelieved before; may Allah destroy them; how they are turned away! [9:34] O you who believe! most surely many of the doctors of law [rabbis] and the monks eat away the property of men falsely, and turn (them) from Allah's way; and (as for) those who hoard up gold and silver and do not spend it in Allah's way, announce to them a painful chastisement.... Jonah [10.90] And We made the children of Israel to pass through the sea, then Firon and his hosts followed them for oppression and tyranny; until when drowning overtook him, he said: I believe that there is no god but He in Whom the children of Israel believe and I am of those who submit. [10.93] And certainly We lodged the children of Israel in a goodly abode and We provided them with good things; but they did not disagree until the knowledge had come to them; surely your Lord will judge between them on the resurrection day concerning that in which they disagreed. The Bee [16.118] And for those who were Jews We prohibited what We have related to you already, and We did them no injustice, but they were unjust to themselves. The Children of Israel [17.2] And We gave Musa the Book and made it a guidance to the children of Israel, saying: Do not take a protector besides Me; [17.4] And We had made known to the children of Israel in the Book: Most certainly you will make mischief in the land twice, and most certainly you will behave insolently with great insolence. [17.101] And certainly We gave Musa nine clear signs; so ask the children of Israel. When he came to them, Firon said to him: Most surely I deem you, O Musa, to be a man deprived of reason. [17.104] And We said to the Israelites after him: Dwell in the land: and when the promise of the next life shall come to pass, we will bring you both together in judgment. Marium [19.58] These are they on whom Allah bestowed favors, from among the prophets of the seed of Adam, and of those whom We carried with Nuh, and of the seed of Ibrahim and Israel, and of those whom We guided and chose; when the communications of the Beneficent God were recited to them, they fell down making obeisance and weeping. Ta Ha [20.47] So go you both to him and say: Surely we are two apostles of your Lord; therefore send the children of Israel with us and do not torment them! Indeed we have brought to you a communication from your Lord, and peace is on him who follows the guidance; [20.48] Surely it has been revealed to us that the chastisement will surely come upon him who rejects and turns back. [20.80] O children of Israel! indeed We delivered you from your enemy, and We made a covenant with you on the blessed side of the mountain, and We sent to you the manna and the quails. [20.94] He said: O son of my mother! seize me not by my beard nor by my head; surely I was afraid lest you should say: You have caused a division among the children of Israel and not waited for my word. The Pilgrimage [22.17] Surely those who believe and those who are Jews and the Sabeans and the Christians and the Magians and those who associate (others with Allah)-- surely Allah will decide between them on the day of resurrection; surely Allah is a witness over all things. [22.40] Those who have been expelled from their homes without a just cause except that they say: Our Lord is Allah. And had there not been Allah's repelling some people by others, certainly there would have been pulled down cloisters and churches and synagogues and mosques in which Allah's name is much remembered; and surely Allah will help him who helps His cause; most surely Allah is Strong, Mighty. The Poets [26.17] Then send with us the children of Israel. [26.22] And is it a favor of which you remind me that you have enslaved the children of Israel? [26.59] Even so. And We gave them as a heritage to the children of Israel. [26.197] Is it not a sign to them that the learned men of the Israelites know it? The Ant [27.76] Surely this Quran declares to the children of Israel most of what they differ in. The Adoration [32.23] And certainly We gave the Book to Musa, so be not in doubt concerning the receiving of it, and We made it a guide for the children of Israel. The Believer [40.53] And certainly We gave Musa the guidance, and We made the children of Israel inherit the Book, Ornaments of Gold [43.59] He was naught but a servant on whom We bestowed favor, and We made him an example for the children of Israel. The Smoke [44.30] And certainly We delivered the children of Israel from the abasing chastisement, The Kneeling [45.16] And certainly We gave the Book and the wisdom and the prophecy to the children of Israel, and We gave them of the goodly things, and We made them excel the nations. The Sandhills [46.10] Say: Have you considered if it is from Allah, and you disbelieve in it, and a witness from among the children of Israel has borne witness of one like it, so he believed, while you are big with pride; surely Allah does not guide the unjust people. The Banishment [59.2] He it is Who caused those who disbelieved of the followers of the Book to go forth from their homes at the first banishment you did not think that they would go forth, while they were certain that their fortresses would defend them against Allah; but Allah came to them whence they did not expect, and cast terror into their hearts; they demolished their houses with their own hands and the hands of the believers; therefore take a lesson, O you who have eyes! [59.3] And had it not been that Allah had decreed for them the exile, He would certainly have punished them in this world, and in the hereafter they shall have chastisement of the fire. The Ranks [61.6] And when Isa son of Marium said: O children of Israel! surely I am the apostle of Allah to you, verifying that which is before me of the Taurat and giving the good news of an Apostle who will come after me, his name being Ahmad, but when he came to them with clear arguments they said: This is clear magic. [61.7] And who is more unjust than he who forges a lie against Allah and he is invited to Islam, and Allah does not guide the unjust people. [61.14] O you who believe! be helpers (in the cause) of Allah, as~ Isa son of Marium said to (his) disciples: Who are my helpers in the cause of Allah? The disciples said: We are helpers (in the cause) of Allah. So a party of the children of Israel believed and another party disbelieved; then We aided those who believed against their enemy, and they became uppermost. The Congregation [62.6] Say: O you who are Jews, if you think that you are the favorites of Allah to the exclusion of other people, then invoke death If you are truthful. Sources: Humanities Text Initiative

jews and Luther

https://israelunwired.com/university-of-north-carolina-defiles-martin-luther-king-legacy-on-israel-the-jews/

5 Ways to bless Jewish People

5 WAYS TO BLESS THE JEWISH PEOPLE By Bonnie Saul Wilks ‹ Back to Blog Home Posted in Featured ArticlesUncategorized, Zealous Magazine, on September 12, 2014 I will bless those who bless you, and I will curse him who curses you; and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed (Genesis 12:3). Sadly, the fragmented branches of Christianity have taken the Church so far from its root that some believers are shaken to the core to discover the Jewishness of Jesus. He was raised as a Jew, keeping the laws of Torah, remembering the feasts, and honoring the patriarchs who burned with faith and love for the God of Israel. Christianity is deeply rooted in the Jewish faith. Profoundly faithful Jewish men penned the Scripture by the anointing of the Holy Spirit. The Ten Commandments are the rule of law for Western civilization. Society unwittingly strives to obey it without considering its source. God’s ancient people have an important historical and prophetic role in God’s plan for mankind. The seed of Abraham have been called to bless all the families of the earth! They shine in worldly achievements, contributing to modern medicine, science, literature, and technology. Their economy is noteworthy with 68 businesses listed with NASDAQ! They comprise only one percent of the population of the world, yet they are leaders and world changers! The New Covenant sets the standard: the Good News is to the Jew first (Roman 1:16). Why? Because of God’s divine order. It has nothing to do with the measurement of His love for all. But the calling of the Jew is to be a light to the nations. Their long-awaited Messiah is Jesus, Yeshua in Hebrew, meaning salvation. They must know first, so they can take their place in God’s divine plan of revelation. Here are five practical steps to becoming a blessing to God’s chosen people taken from the acrostic, PEACE. 1) P – Pray for the peace of Jerusalem (Psalm 122:6-9) There is tension in the Holy City with three major religions fighting for space and ownership of the land. Ishmael and Isaac are at war, and the battles rage on generation after generation. The prayers of the saints and the power of God have stayed back an untimely blood bath. The Holy City is where God has chosen to display His love and fire. There are many true believers and seekers within her walls. World attention focuses upon this tiny place, and the people within her gates need a revelation of their long-awaited Messiah, Yeshua. 2) E – Encourage friendships with Jewish people (Proverbs 17:17) Most church-going Christians do not know Jewish people. Here are a couple of ways to meet them. Attend classes at your local Jewish Community Center. They have many interesting courses available to the public. The JCC is very receptive to visitors. Friendships built there bridge the huge gap between Jew and Gentile. Let genuine friendship be your goal, not making a convert or winning a soul. Don’t be afraid to share honestly who you are: “I am a Gentile Christian, and I love the Jewish people. Here’s why… ” Another way to encourage friendship is to start a conversation with the kiosk owners selling wares in the malls. Many of these are Israeli Jews living in the USA, selling Israeli products. Buy something and plant the tiny seeds of friendship. 3) A- Ask Them In (Exodus 22:21) Invite your new-found friends into your home. It is a blessing to receive an invitation to visit someone’s home. Serve a meal and treat them as a royal guest. Asking them to join your family shows you are willing to go beyond the casual “let’s have coffee” stage. It’s an offer of opening your heart. In Jewish thought, hospitality is rooted in the idea that God Himself cares for the “sojourner.” The Lord instructed the Israelites not to oppress the foreigners living in the land, not to harm them in any way, but rather reach out and bless. Try having a Sabbath meal in your home and invite your new Jewish friends. They will come and love it. Ask your new Jewish friends about the Holocaust. Many have a story to tell. You will be changed by their tales, and your heart will expand toward their plight. 4) C – Contribute to Jewish causes (Galatians 6:10) Paul said that we should be concerned with those in the household of faith first. “Therefore, as we have opportunity, let us do good to all people, especially to those who belong to the family of believers” (Galatians 6:10). Give through your local church to Messianic Jewish believers first, then contribute to other causes. If your church does not give to Jewish ministries, then schedule a meeting with your pastor to explain your heart on the matter. 5) E – Educate (Exodus 19:5) Educate yourself on Jewish history, Messianic Judaism, the feasts and holidays, and the Holocaust. There are many wonderful books available: “The Irrevocable Calling” by Dr. Dan Juster; “They Thought for Themselves” by Sid Roth; “God’s Appointed Times” by Barney Kasdan; and “The Jewishness of the Gospel” by David Stern. Educate your church on current Jewish issues. For instance, anti-Semitism is escalating around the world. The rising statistics are alarming. Will your church stand with Israel if the going gets tough? Spread the news wide and far that the Church must love Israel in these last days. Bless and you will be blessed! By Bonnie Saul Wilks, Senior Writer, MJBI MENU Get Our Updates *Email Address *First Name *Last Name Stay informed of the latest about Israel and Jewish ministry! SUBSCRIBE Share this with your friends Get our updates! *Email Address Follow us ZEALOUS MAGAZINE FALL 2018 Contact • PO Box 610105, Dallas, Texas 75261 • 817.864.9300 Give Zealous Magazine BACK TO TOP ABOUT US Vision & Mission History Board of Directors Endorsements WHERE WE WORK Argentina Ethiopia Israel Russia Ukraine Zimbabwe View all Schools RESOURCES Israel Prayer Updates Torah Portion Yiddish Mama’s Kitchen SUPPORT MJBI Donate Now Monthly Ascend Partner Prayer Shield Copyright © 2019 Messianic Jewish Bible Institute | Privacy Policy & Disclosures Site by Ink Blot Media Group

Gentiles & 7 Laws of Noah

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The Seven Laws of Noah | Terms Used for Gentiles | Interfaith Marriages | Conversion

Gentiles

Level:  Basic

The Torah maintains that the righteous Gentiles of all nations (those observing the Seven Laws of Noah, listed below) have a place in the World to Come.  But not all religious Gentiles earn eternal life by virtue of observing their religion:

While it is recognized that Moslems worship the same God that we do (though calling him Allah, He is the same God of Israel), even those who follow the tenets of their religion cannot be considered righteous in the eyes of God, because they do not accept that the Written Torah in the hands of the Jews today is the original Torah handed down by God and they do not accept the Seven Laws of Noah as binding on them.While the Christians do generally accept the Hebrew Bible as truly from God, many of them (those who accept the so-called divinity of Jesus) are idolaters according to the Torah, punishable by death, and certainly will not enjoy the World to Come.  But it is not just being a member of a denomination in which the majority are believers in the Trinity that is idolatry, but personal idolatrous practice, whatever the individual's affiliation.

Contrary to popular belief, the Torah does not maintain that Jews are necessarily better than other people simply because they are Jews.  Although we are God's chosen people, we do not believe that God chose the Jews because of any inherent superiority.  According to a story in the Talmud, God offered the Torah to all the nations of the earth, and the Jews were the only ones who accepted it.  According to another story, the Jews were offered the Torah last, and accepted it only because God held a mountain over their heads!  Another traditional story suggests that God chose the Jews because they were the lowliest of nations, and their success would be attributed to God's might rather than their own ability.  Clearly, these are not the ideas of a people who think they are inherently better than other nations.

Because of our acceptance of Torah, Jews have a special status in the eyes of God, but we lose that special status when we abandon Torah.  Furthermore, the blessings that we received from God by accepting the Torah come with a high price:  Jews have a greater responsibility than non-Jews.  While non-Jews are only obligated to obey the seven commandments given to Noah, Jews are responsible for fulfilling the 613 mitzvot in the Torah, thus God will punish Jews for doing many things that would not be a sin for non-Jews.

The Seven Laws of Noah

According to Torah tradition, God gave Noah and his family seven commandments to observe when he saved them from the flood.  These commandments, referred to as the Noahic or Noahide commandments, are learned by tradition but also suggested in Genesis Chapter 9, and are as follows:

not to commit idolatrynot to commit blasphemynot to commit murdernot to have forbidden sexual relationsnot to commit theftnot to eat flesh cut from a living animalto establish courts of justice to punish violators of the other six laws.

These commandments may seem fairly simple and straightforward, and most of them are recognized by most of the world as sound moral principles.  But according to the Torah only those Gentiles who observe these laws because God commanded them in His Torah will enjoy life in the World to Come:  If they observe them just because they seem reasonable or because they think that God commanded them in some way other than in the Torah, they might as well not obey them so far as a part in the World to Come is concerned.

The Noahic commandments are binding on all people, because all people are descended from Noah and his family.  The 613 mitzvot of the Torah, on the other hand, are only binding on the descendants of those who accepted the commandments at Sinai and upon those who take on the yoke of the commandments voluntarily (by conversion).  Some say that the Noahic commandments are applied more leniently to non-Jews than the corresponding commandments are to Jews, because non-Jews do not have the benefit of Oral Torah to guide them in interpreting the laws.  Some European rabbis (presumably because of fear of reprisal from their Christian neighbors, famous for their violence to Jews) have gone so far as to say that worshipping God in the form of a man constitutes idolatry for a Jew punishable by death, but the Trinitarian Christian worship of Jesus does not constitute idolatry.  In truth, any idolatry for which a Jew is punishable by death is also punishable by death for non-Jews, including the worship of a man as a god.

We plan to provide on this site a full exposition of Seven Laws, including many details that could not be guessed from the listing above.

Terms Used for Gentiles

It appears that some Gentiles prefer the more neutral term non-Jew, but few today are insulted by Gentile, the classical term for them appearing often in Bible translations.  When we use it here, we certainly intend no offence and hope that none is taken; we would not be writing much of this, if we were lacking in respect and affection for Gentiles.

The most commonly used Hebrew or Yiddish word for a non-Jew is goy.  The word "goy" means nation, and refers to the fact that goyim are members of other nations, that is, nations other than the Children of Israel.  There is nothing inherently insulting about the word "goy".  In fact, the Bible occasionally refers to the Jewish people using the term "goy".  Most notably, in Exodus 19,6, God says that the Children of Israel will be "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation", that is, a goy kadosh.  Because Jews have had so many bad experiences with anti-Semitic non-Jews over the centuries, the term "goy" has taken on some negative connotations, but in general the term is no more insulting than the word "Gentile".

The more insulting terms for non-Jews are shiksa (feminine) and shkutz or sheketz (masculine).  It may be gathered that these words are derived from the Hebrew root Shin-Qof-Tzade, meaning loathsome or abomination.  The word shiksa is most commonly used to refer to a non-Jewish woman who is dating or married to a Jewish man, which should give some indication of how strongly Jews are opposed to the idea of intermarriage.  The term shkutz or sheketz is most commonly used to refer to an anti-Semitic man.  Both terms can be used in a less serious, more joking way, but in general they should be used with caution, if at all; in fact, we personally only use these terms to refer to apostate Jews whose behavior is disgusting.

Interfaith Marriages

The Torah does not permit or even recognize marriages between Jews and Gentiles, if performed despite the prohibition.  The punishment for Jews for such marriages is being cut off from the Jewish people and any part in the World to Come, whether the couple formally marries according to secular law or they just live together.

The Written Torah states that the children of such marriages would be lost to the Jewish people (Deuteronomy 7,3-4), and experience has shown the truth of this passage all too well:  Children of intermarriage are rarely raised Jewish; they are normally raised in the faith of the non-Jewish partner or non-religious.  This may reflect that Jews who intermarry are not deeply committed to their religion in the first place (if they were, why would they marry someone who did not share it?), but the statistics are sufficiently alarming to be a matter of great concern to the Jewish community.

Some Orthodox Jews go so far as to state that intermarriage is accomplishing what Hitler could not:  the destruction of the Jewish people.  That may seem an extreme view, but it vividly illustrates how seriously many Jews take the issue of intermarriage.  Nonetheless, currently most Jews outside the Land of Israel are taking non-Jewish marital partners.

If the non-Jewish spouse truly shares the same values as the Jewish spouse, then the non-Jew is welcome to convert, and if the non-Jew does not share the same values, then the couple should not be marrying in the first place.  While conversion just to allow a Gentile to marry a Jew is not legitimate, many a Gentile initially considered conversion after finding a Jewish potential marital partner, and then in the end became a sincere convert before the marriage.

Conversion

In general, Jews do not try to convert non-Jews to Judaism.  In fact, according to halakhah (Jewish Law), rabbis are supposed to make three vigorous attempts to dissuade a person who wants to convert to Judaism.

As the discussion above explained, Jews have a lot of responsibilities that non-Jews do not have.  To be considered a good and righteous person in the eyes of God, a non-Jew need only follow the seven Noahic commandments, whereas a Jew has to follow all 613 commandments given in the Torah.  If the potential convert is not going to follow those extra rules, it is better for him or her to stay a Gentile, and since we as Jews are all responsible for each other, it is better for us too if that person stayed a Gentile.  The rabbinically mandated attempt to dissuade a convert is intended to make sure that the prospective convert is serious and willing to take on all this extra responsibility.

Once a person has decided to convert, the proselyte must begin to learn Jewish law and customs, and begin to observe them.  This teaching process generally takes at least one year, because the prospective convert is encouraged to experience each of the Jewish holidays; however, the actual amount of study required will vary from person to person (a convert who was raised as a Jew might not need any further education, for example, while another person might need several years).

After the teaching is complete, the proselyte is brought before a Beit Din (rabbinical court) which examines the proselyte and determines whether he or she is ready to become a Jew.  If the proselyte passes this oral examination, the rituals of conversion are performed.  If the convert is male, he is circumcised (or, if he was already circumcised, a pinprick of blood is drawn for a symbolic circumcision).  Both male and female converts are immersed in the mikveh (a ritual bath used for spiritual purification).  The convert is given a Jewish name and is then introduced into the Jewish community.

In theory, once the conversion procedure is complete, the convert is as much a Jew as anyone who is born to the religion.  In practice, the convert is often treated with caution, because we have had a lot of bad experiences with converts who later return to their former faith in whole or in part.

For more information about conversion, see The Conversion to Judaism Home Page.  The information provided by Professor Epstein at that site is written from a Conservative perspective, but is valuable to anyone considering conversion.

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Tehillim

The Book of Psalms in Hebrew: תהלים (Tehillim) meaning ("praises"), commonly referred to simply as Psalms or "the Psalms", is the first book of the Ketuvim ("Writings"), the third section of the Hebrew Scriptures. The three sections of the TaNaK (“Hebrew Scriptures”) are as followed:
1) T = Torah (“teachings/law”)
2) N = Nevi’im (“prophets”)
3) K = Ketuvim (“writings”)

The Book of Psalms is divided into five sections, each closing with a doxology —these divisions were probably introduced by the final editors to imitate the five-fold division of the Torah:

• Book 1 (Psalms 1–41)
• Book 2 (Psalms 42–72)
• Book 3 (Psalms 73–89)
• Book 4 (Psalms 90–106)
• Book 5 (Psalms 107–150

A Hebrew version of Tehillim 151-154 were found in the Tehillim Scroll of the Dead Sea Scrolls. There are also the Psalms of Solomon (removed from most Bibles), which are a further 18 psalms of Yahudim origin, originally written in Hebrew.

The Psalms were written not merely as poems, but as songs for singing. More than a third of the psalms are addressed to the Director of Music. Some psalms exhort the worshipper to sing (e.g. Pss. 33:1-3; 92:1-3; 96:1-3; 98:1; 101:1; 150). Some headings denote the musical instruments on which the psalm should be played (Pss. 4, 5, 6, 8, 67). Some refer to singing at the sheminit or octave (Pss. 6, 12). And others preserve the name for ancient eastern modes, like mut la-ben (Death of the son; Ps. 9), ayelet ha-shachar (hind of the dawn; Ps. 22); shoshanim (Lilies; Ps. 45); or alamoth (Maidens; Ps. 46).
Despite the frequently heard view that their ancient music is lost, the means to reconstruct it still extant.

Most individual psalms involve the praise of Yahuah—for his power and beneficence, for His creation of the world, and for his past acts of deliverance for Yashar’al. The psalms envision a world in which everyone and everything will praise Yahuah, and Yahuah in turn will hear their prayers and respond. Worst of all is when Yahuah "hides His face" and refuses to respond, because this puts in question the efficacy of prayer which is the underlying assumption of the Book of Psalms.

Some psalms are called "maskil" (maschil) because in addition they impart wisdom. Most notable of these is Psalm 142 which is sometimes called the "Maskil of Daud (David)", others include Psalm 32 and Psalm 78. The term derives from maskil meaning "enlightened" or "wise".

Some of the titles given to the Psalms have descriptions which suggest their use in worship:

• Some bear the Hebrew description shir (שיר 'song'). Thirteen have this description. It means the flow of speech, as it were, in a straight line or in a regular strain. This description includes secular as well as sacred song.

• Fifty-eight Psalms bear the description mizmor (מזמור), a lyric ode, or a song set to music; a sacred song accompanied with a musical instrument.

• Psalm 145, and many others, has the designation tehillah (תהילה), meaning a song of praise; a song the prominent thought of which is the praise of Yahuah.

• Thirteen psalms are described as maskil ('wise'): 32, 42, 44, 45, 52–55, 74, 78, 88, 89, and 142. Psalm 41:2, although not in the above list, has the description ashrei maskil.

• Six Psalms (16, 56–60) have the title michtam (מכתם, 'gold'). Michtam refers to an item that a person carries with him at all times, hence, these Psalms contain concepts or ideas that are pertinent at every stage and setting throughout life, deemed vital as part of day-to-day spiritual awareness.

• Psalm 7 (along with Habakkuk ch. 3)bears the title shigayon (שיגיון). There are three interpretations:
(a) This term stems from the root shegaga, meaning "mistake"—David committed some sin and is singing in the form of a prayer to redeem himself from it;
(b) shigayon was a type of musical instrument;
(c) A "longing", as for example in the verse in Proverbs 5:19

History of New Zealand

History of the Jews in New Zealand Little is known of Jews in New Zealand before 1831, when Anglo-Jewish traders are known to have arrived. Their traditional roles as multi-lingual travellers between European ports gave them a flexibility in negotiating with the native Māori people. Spreading the news of economic possibilities to their economically depressed countrymen, they helped to urge development and emigration for people from the British Isles. New Zealand Jews יהודים ניו-זילנדים Total population 6,867 Regions with significant populations Auckland, Wellington Languages English, Hebrew, Yiddish Religion Judaism Small numbers of Anglo-Jewish immigrants followed, some subsidized by a Jewish charity in London which had a mission of caring for the poor and orphaned young people in the community. These "subsidized" Jewish immigrants were also intended by their benefactors to be devout members of the fledgling Jewish community in Wellington, to which the respected English business leader Abraham Hort, Senior, was sent from London to organize along London religious lines. The difficulties of life in early colonial New Zealand, together with historically high rates of intermarriage, made it hard to maintain strict religious observation in any of the new congregations. Following news of gold rushes, Jewish immigrants poured in from new lands such as Germany, and then moved on when the boom was over. These immigrants, and others from Eastern Europe faced an increasingly stringent immigration policy throughout the end of the 19th and mid 20th century, but Jewish New Zealanders and their descendants have continued to contribute in business, medicine, politics, and other areas of New Zealand life, at the highest levels, and the spectrum of Jewish religious observance continues in communities throughout the country. While New Zealand has experienced several anti-Semitic incidents in recent decades, the government and public response has been swift and unequivocal. Pre-colonial era Anglo-Jewish traders were among the whalers, missionaries and other Europeans who explored New Zealand in the early decades of the 1800s.[1] Joel Samuel Polack, the best known and most influential of them, arrived in New Zealand in 1831.[2] Polack, an English-born Jew, opened a general store at Kororareka in the Bay of Islands, where, following the tradition of centuries of European "Port Jews", his respect for the Māori people's culture earned him unique access and insights as a trader. Joel Samuel Polack's trade advertisement John Israel Montefiore, also an English-born Jew, left Sydney, Australia for New Zealand in October 1831. He became a merchant in Tauranga and Kororareka, and later, Auckland, where he featured prominently in civic affairs.[3] Returning briefly to England in 1837, Polack wrote two popular books about his 1831-37 travels in New Zealand. In addition to being entertaining travel guides to new tastes (hearts of palm, for example), sights and sounds (Māori tattoos, exotic birds), etc., his books were a rallying cry for commercial development, specifically for flax production which he believed was possible on a lucrative scale.[2] In 1838, in testimony to a House of Lords inquiry into the state of the islands of New Zealand, Polack warned that unorganised European settlement would destroy Māori culture, and advocated planned colonisation.[2] With the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on 6 February 1840, the way was cleared for colonisation and the first legitimate immigrants. The British government and the speculative New Zealand Company,[4] among whose financial backers was the wealthy Anglo-Jewish Goldsmid family[5] anticipated (wrongly, as it turned out, at least in the next few decades) that land would increase in value, and encouraged a flood of subsidised mostly English and Scottish emigrants. Abraham Hort, Jr, related by family and business ties[6] to the Mocatta & Goldsmid bank, arrived in Wellington on the barque Oriental on 31 January 1840[7] accompanied by two brothers he employed as cabinet makers, Solomon and Benjamin Levy. These were the first recognisably Jewish names in this early wave of post-Treaty settlement. Solomon Levy, 1817-1883, Wellington New Zealand. Levy arrived from London with his brother Benjamin in 1840. He helped to found the Jewish synagogue in Wellington, taught Hebrew to Wellington's Jewish children for many years, but was himself married to his sister's Christian shipmate, and their children were raised Christian. Hort's business[8] and civic leadership[9] was quickly recognised in the new colony. Within months of his arrival he was elected one of the two constables for Wellington's fledgling police force.[10] Hort was a promoter of early Wellington civic affairs, Jewish and non-Jewish.[11] David Nathan was an important Auckland businessman and benefactor, who is perhaps best known for establishing the firm L.D. Nathan and Company. He left Sydney for the Bay of Islands on the Achilles on 21 February 1840.[12] Nathaniel William Levin was another early immigrant, who became a notable merchant in Wellington and a politician. He arrived in Wellington on 30 May 1841 on the Arachne.[13] Economic and religious factors in early Anglo-Jewish emigration Hort's father, Abraham Hort Senior[14] saw New Zealand as a possible haven for impoverished English Jews and a potential refuge for oppressed Jews of eastern Europe and elsewhere.[15] The Jews' Hospital (Neveh zedak), which was largely funded by the Goldsmid family,[16] sponsored two Jewish women to emigrate in 1841 on the barque Birman: Elizabeth Levy, (sister of the Levy brothers), and Esther Solomon, who was being sent to marry one of the brothers. Annotated Birman map Esther Solomon Levy 1824-1911 Benjamin Levy 1818-1853 Bills allowing Jews more civil rights in England had been introduced and repeatedly voted down, and Jews in the 19th century continued to be portrayed with racist stereotypes.[17] Among the promises of emigration for Jews was that the lack of manpower would level the ethnic playing field[1] Early Jewish ceremonies Marriage Contract of Esther Solomon and Benjamin Levy, Wellington, 1 June 1842. The first Jewish ceremony in New Zealand was the marriage of businessman David Nathan to Rosetta Aarons, the widow of Captain Michael Aarons, on 31 October 1841.[18] Their daughter, Sarah Nathan, born 10 January 1843, was the first known Jewish birth in New Zealand. The second ceremony, the marriage of Esther Solomon and Benjamin Levy was on 1 June 1842 in Wellington, according to the ketubah contract in Hebrew, witnessed by Alfred Hort (another of Abraham Hort Senior's sons)[19] and another early Jewish emigrant Nathaniel William Levin. Levin, for whom the town of Levin was later named, soon married Hort Senior's daughter, Jessy, further connecting the small group of early Wellington Jews.[20] Bris June 13, 1843 In early 1843, Abraham Hort, Sr. arrived in Wellington, where he organised and promoted the Jewish community, with the approval of London's Chief Rabbi. Hort brought with him David Isaacs, also an alumnus of the Jews' Hospital. Isaacs served as Mohel (to perform circumcisions), shochet (kosher butcher) and chazan (Cantor/lay leader for services). The first religious service was performed soon after, on 7 January 1843. A few months later, the new community celebrated the birth of Benjamin's and Esther's first child, Henry Emanuel Levy,[21] which Hort documented in a series of letters sent to The Jewish Chronicle (the premier London Jewish newspaper of the time). Acting on behalf of the community, Hort requested a plot of land for a synagogue and a plot of land for Jewish burials, offering himself as one of the trustees. The request was originally denied, the government responding that it didn't have the authority.[22] The death of the Levy's second son, age 8 months in 1845 was, Hort wrote to the Chronicle, "our first Jewish corpse" and the "first Jewish burial" in the new Jewish cemetery.[23] Throughout the early 1840s, Hort's letters to the London Jewish Chronicle and the Voice of Jacob reveal the difficulty of maintaining a Jewish community that could barely muster a minyan, owing to the demands of making a living, and complaining how few Jewish shopkeepers respected the sabbath by closing their doors, let alone celebrating Jewish holidays properly. A Māori massacre,[24] the threat of forced militia service for all, and the extreme difficulty of making a living, took their toll on the small community. Isolation rapidly gave way to intermarriage. Solomon Levy quickly married Jane Harvey, the 14-year-old Christian shipmate of Esther Solomon and Elizabeth Levy. Although only one of his 8 surviving children chose Judaism as a religion, Levy helped found the first Wellington synagogue and taught Hebrew to Jewish children for many years.[25] Mid-1800s New Zealand and other gold rushes Jews who had first come and gone to the 1840s gold strikes in Australia were now drawn to the California Gold Rush.[26] This 1849–1850 exodus of early New Zealand Jewish settlers included Samuel Polack, Benjamin Levy, and Abraham Hort. For the Jews who remained, gold rushes in New Zealand in the 1860s, the Central Otago Gold Rush from 1861 and the West Coast Gold Rush from 1864 shifted their businesses from centres like Auckland and Wellington to new towns and (like Sir Julius Vogel) to Dunedin in the South Island. There was already Jewish settlement in Dunedin prior to the gold rush, and the community grew further after gold was found in Otago. In 1862, the congregation in Dunedin had 43 members.[27] German Jews who now were drawn to Gold strikes in the 1860s and after, and were instrumental in founding businesses and helping to erect the many synagogues that were established at this time.[1] A Jewish cemetery in Auckland, founded in the mid-nineteenth century. Late 19th century Restrictions were instituted in 1881 that effectively closed off immigration to immigrants who were not from England, Ireland, or Scotland, who were Asian, or any other culture deemed too foreign (a category which also included eastern European Jews). New Zealand, like Australia, had struggled with its white, Christian identity.[28] Some have attributed this attitude to New Zealand's geographic isolation at the time, to fear of economic competition, to the dilution of a perceived "white" culture.[29][30][31] 20th century As a result of the restrictions put into place earlier, few Jews were granted refuge in New Zealand before, during and after the Holocaust.[32] First called "enemy aliens" because of their German nationality, popular sentiment suggested that they leave as soon as the war was over, as they were competing with New Zealanders for work.[33] The major veterans group, the Returned Services' Association, in 1945 suggested that not only should the "enemy aliens" go back where they came from, but that any money they had made during their stay should be turned over to the wives and children of the soldiers, who had risked their lives while the Jews stayed safely in New Zealand.[32] More recently, Jewish immigrants have come from South Africa, Israel, and the former Soviet Union. Role in leadership Three Prime Ministers have Jewish ancestry, although only Julius Vogel, who served twice during the 1870s, practised Judaism. Francis Bell was PM very briefly in 1925. Former Prime Minister John Key was born to an Austrian Jewish mother[34][35] and is thus considered Jewish under Halakha, though he is not practising. More recent religious and cultural developments Moriah School, Wellington's only Jewish day school opened in 1985. It closed in December 2012, citing a lack of resources and fewer than 20 pupils.[36] In 2010 the practice of shechita, the ritual slaughter of mammals and birds, attracted controversy when the Minister of Agriculture reversed a decision that had banned it. The issue was about to be heard in the High Court but pressure from Jewish community members who wanted to slaughter poultry in the traditional manner promoted the move.[37] In recent years a small but growing Chabad movement has been established in several cities, including Otago and Auckland. The Chabad house in Christchurch was destroyed in the 2011 earthquake that hit New Zealand. International Jewish fundraising efforts helped the Chabad community to rebuild and continue their mission of strengthening Jewish religious observance.[38] Antisemitic attacks In 1990, four children at an Auckland Jewish day school were stabbed by an apparently demented woman, but all survived.[39] In 2004, scores of Jewish graves, including Solomon Levy's and other historic early Jewish graves, were smashed and spray painted with swastikas and other anti-semitic messages at Wellington.[40] The New Zealand Parliament responded rapidly to condemn the actions.[41] Solomon Levy's grave was restored by the City of Wellington and re-consecrated in 2005. Solomon Levy's grave in Wellington, broken in one of several antisemitic attacks. Close up of repaired headstone In October 2012, a Jewish cemetery in Auckland was desecrated overnight with swastikas and anti-semitic statements scrawled across the grave stones. More than 20 graves were attacked at the Karangahape Road cemetery.[42] The perpetrator, a young Englishman on holiday in New Zealand, was convicted and ordered to leave the country.[43] Founding of synagogues Three early synagogues at Nelson,[44]Hokitika,[45] and Timaru[46] are no longer in existence.[47] Hokitika's synagogue, which served the boom and bust Gold Rush Jewish population, was virtually abandoned for the last decades of the 19th century and was known as "the Ghost Synagogue."[48] The Dunedin Synagogue was established at Dunedin in September 1863. The Canterbury Hebrew Congregation obtained funds in 1863 to build a small wooden synagogue[49] on a block of land between Worcester and Gloucester Streets in Christchurch.[50] The next synagogue was built on the same site and opened in 1881.[51] The first synagogue in Wellington was Beth El, established in 1870 at 222 The Terrace. By the 1920s, this wooden building with a capacity of 200 was too small for the city's 1400 participants and a new brick building was built on the same site and opened in 1929. The site was required to be vacated for motorway construction in 1963, and a new Wellington Jewish Community Centre was opened at 74-80 Webb Street in 1977.[52] In Auckland, a synagogue building was designed in 1884-85 and opened on 9 November 1885.[53] The building still stands at 19A Princes Street, has heritage protection, and is now known as University House. The community moved to larger premises at Greys Avenue in 1967.[54] Demographics In 1848, in New Zealand's total population of 16,000 there were known to be at least 61 Jews, 28 in Wellington and 33 in Auckland.[50] The 2013 New Zealand census data gives 6,867 people identifying as having a Jewish affiliation, out of the total New Zealand population of 4.5 million.[55] Another estimation (2009) was around 10,000 Jewish people.[56] In 2012 a book titled "Jewish Lives in New Zealand" claimed that there were more than 20,000 Jewish people in New Zealand, including non-practising Jews.[57][full citation needed] There are seven synagogues.[58] See also New Zealand portal Judaism portal List of Oceanian Jews Category:New Zealand Jews References ^ a b c Levine, Stephen (8 February 2005). "Jews - 19th-century immigration". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 25 January 2017. ^ a b c Chisholm, Jocelyn. "'Polack, Joel Samuel', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 25 January 2017. ^ "Montefiore, John Israel – Biography – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Retrieved 1 March 2016. ^ Whitmore, Robbie. "The colonisation of New Zealand – First European arrivals". Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ "Goldsmid". Jewish Encyclopedia. The Kopelman Foundation. Retrieved 22 December 2012. ^ "Barend Ber Elieser Salomons Cohen-Kampen". dutchjewry.org. Retrieved 25 January 2017. ^ "Passenger list: The Oriental". shadowsoftime.co.nz. Retrieved 25 January 2017. ^ "Advertisements Column 1". New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. I (29): 2. 31 October 1840. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "To His Excellency Sir Geo". New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 13 (44): 3. 13 February 1841. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Committee of Colonists". New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 18 (2): 3. 18 April 1840. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Commemoration of St. Andrew". New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. I (4): 3. 5 December 1840. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Mogford, Janice C. "Nathan, David - Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 6 March 2016. ^ Nicholls, Roberta. "Levin, Nathaniel William - Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 6 March 2016. ^ Foster, Bernard John (1966). "HORT, Abraham". In McLintock, A. H. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Ill Treatment of the Jews in Prague". Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "GOLDSMID - JewishEncyclopedia.com". Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "Anti-Semitic Stereotypes". Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "Nathan, David – Biography – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "Person Details". Synagogue Scribes Jewish genealogy. Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "Nathaniel William Levin". Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2012. ^ "To the Editor of the 'New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator'". New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. IV (253): 2. 10 June 1843. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "New Zealand: North Island: Wellington". International Jewish Cemetery Project, International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies. 24 July 2009. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ Rutherford, James (1966). "The Campaigns". In McLintock, A. H. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Death-of Mr. Sol. Levy". Marlborough Express. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. XIX (255): 3. 31 October 1883. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (2000), pp. 53–56. ^ "The Jewish Community of Dunedin". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Retrieved 25 June 2018. ^ "2. – Immigration regulation – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "CHAPTER 18 — Aliens". Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "3. – Immigration regulation – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "Further information - British & Irish immigration, 1840-1914 - NZHistory, New Zealand history online". Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ a b "THE RESPONSE OF THE NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT TO JEWISH REFUGEES AND HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS, 1933-1947" (PDF). Holocaust Centre of New Zealand. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ Olga. "David Zwartz". Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "POLITICS: John Key - A snapshot". Sunday Star Times. 3 February 2008. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2008. ^ Rapson, Bevan (April 2005). "Golden Boy". Metro {live}. No. 286. metrolive.co.nz. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2008. ^ Sheinman, Anna (10 December 2012). "Last Jewish school in Wellington, NZ, closes". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Harper, Paul (29 November 2010). "Animal welfare groups slam shechita reversal". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 30 November 2010. ^ "Chabad of Canterbury: Earthquake". Chabad.org. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. ^ Jones, Jeremy (25 July 1990). "People of New Zealand Reach out to Jews After Attack on School". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Barkat, Amiram. "Cemetery Vandalism Shocks Wellington Jews". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "Motions — Jewish Graves and Chapel, Wellington — Vandalism". New Zealand Parliament, Hansard. 10 August 2004. p. 14715. Retrieved 25 January 2017. ^ Hollingworth, Adam (18 October 2012). "20 graves desecrated at Jewish cemetery in Auckland". newshub.co.nz. Retrieved 25 January 2017. ^ "Cemetery vandal ordered out of NZ". stuff.co.nz. Fairfax Media. 29 June 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2017. ^ "The Nelson Synagogue". Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 26 January 2017. This photo, dated 1911, shows the Synagogue still in a good state of preservation, though it had not been opened for Jewish worship since 1895. ^ "'The Ghost Synagogue'". Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 26 January 2017. Tait Bros, Hokitika photographers during the gold boom, took this photograph of the Synagogue in 1867. ^ "Jewish Synagogue". Timaru Herald. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 23 June 1875. p. 3. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Wilson, James Oakley (1966). "Jews". In McLintock, A. H. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Goldman, Lazarus Morris (1958). "XV — A Ghost Synagogue". The History of the Jews in New Zealand. A.H. & A.W. Reed. p. 108. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Christchurch". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jewish Virtual Library. 2008. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. ^ a b Clements, Michael. "NZ Jewish Archives: Notes on Jewish Participation in New Zealand History". Temple Sinai. Retrieved 25 January 2017. ^ "The Christchurch Synagogue". Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved 26 January 2017. The Christchurch Synagogue. The foundation-stone for tin's building was laid on February 8th, 1881 by Mr L. E. Nathan, then President of the Christchurch Hebrew Congregation. It was completed the same year and has been in continuous use for Jewish worship ever since. ^ "Wellington Jewish Community Centre". Wellington Jewish Community Centre: History. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ Weiss, Mara (2016). "New Zealand Virtual Jewish History Tour: Early Development". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Cusins-Lewer, Anéne; Julia Gatley (2002). "The 'Myers Park Experiment' (1913–1916) and its Legacy in Auckland". Fabrications. Informa. 12 (1): 59–80. doi:10.1080/10331867.2002.10525161. ^ "Religious Affiliation (total response)". 2013 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables. 2013. Table 31. ^ Lieber, Dov (10 June 2009). "Jewish professor receives New Zealand Order of Merit". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 25 January 2017. ^ Leonard Bell; Diana Morrow, eds. (2012). Jewish lives in New Zealand: a history. Auckland, N.Z: Godwit. ISBN 978-1-86962-173-5. ^ Fickling, David (17 July 2004). "Attack on Jewish cemetery in NZ linked to passport plot". Guardian. Retrieved 25 January 2017. External links Jews in New Zealand in Te Ara: Encyclopedia of New Zealand Jews in New Zealand in 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand New Zealand Jewish Archives Wellington Jewish Community "Jewish Women in New Zealand" New Zealand; Being a Narrative of Travels and Adventures during a Residence in that Country between the Years 1831 and 1837 (1838). Full text Vol. I, Vol. II Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders (1840). Full text Vol. I, Vol. II Last edited on 3 January 2019, at 00:10 Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Terms of Use•Privacy•Desktop