Kebijakan Pemerintah Kolonial Portugis di Indonesia

https://www.berpendidikan.com/2015/07/kebijakan-pemerintah-kolonial-portugis-di-indonesia.html

Kebijakan Pemerintah Kolonial Portugis di Indonesia

Oleh BerpendidikanDiposting pada 2 Juli 2015

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Setelah menancapkan kekuasaannya di Indonesia dalam masa penjelajahannya mengelilingi samudra, Pemerintah portugis membuat kebijakan-kebijakan yang nantinya akan memberikan pengaruh pada tatanan kehidupan rakyat Indonesia.

Kekuasaan Portugis di Maluku berlangsung cukup lama, sekitar tahun 1512 sampai 1641. Kebijakan-kebijakan yang dipraktikkan selama itu sangat berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia.

Daftar Isi :

Kebijakan pemerintah Portugis di Indonesia

Berikut ini berbagai kebijakan pemerintah kolonial Portugis.
a. Berusaha menanamkan kekuasaan di Maluku.

b. Menyebarkan agama Katolik di daerah-daerah yang dikuasai.

c. Mengembangkan bahasa dan seni musik keroncong Portugis.

d. Sistem monopoli perdagangan cengkih dan pala di Ternate.
Dengan kebijakan ini, petani Ternate tidak lagi memiliki kebebasan untuk menjual atau menentukan harga hasil panennya. Mereka harus menjual hasil panennya hanya kepada Portugis dengan harga yang ditentukan oleh Portugis.
Akibatnya, petani sangat dirugikan, dan Portugis memperoleh keuntungan yang sangat besar. Pengaruh dari kebijakan ini ternyata tertanam pada rakyat Indonesia khususnya rakyat Maluku. Ada yang bersifat negatif dan ada yang positif.
Gambar: Kekuasaan Portugis di Indonesia

Pengaruh kebijakan Portugis di Indonesia

Berikut ini berbagai pengaruh yang ditimbulkan dari kebijakan-kebijakan Portugis.
a. Terganggu dan kacaunya jaringan perdagangan.
b. Banyaknya orang-orang beragama Katolik di daerah pendudukan Portugis.
c. Rakyat menjadi miskin dan menderita.
d. Tumbuh benih rasa benci terhadap kekejaman Portugis.
e. Munculnya rasa persatuan dan kesatuan rakyat Maluku untuk menentang Portugis.
f. Bahasa Portugis turut memperkaya perbendaharaan kata/ kosakata dan nama keluarga seperti da Costa, Dias, de Fretes, Mendosa, Gonzalves, da Silva, dan lain-lain.
g. Seni musik keroncong yang terkenal di Indonesia sebagai peninggalan Portugis adalah keroncong Morisco.
h. Banyak peninggalan arsitektur yang bercorak Portugis dan senjata api/meriam di daerah pendudukan.
Kekuasaan Spanyol yang sempat menjalin hubungan dengan Tidore tidak memiliki pengaruh yang berarti. Mengingat Spanyol segera meninggalkan Tidore karena terbentur Perjanjian Saragosa.

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What Is the Star of David in Judaism?

https://www.learnreligions.com/star-of-david-2076778

What Is the Star of David in Judaism?

MENU Home Search Ad Abrahamic / Middle Eastern Judaism What Is the Star of David in Judaism? The Significance of the Six-Pointed Star Share Flipboard Email Mel Curtis/The Image Bank/Getty Images by Ariela Pelaia Updated April 17, 2019 The Star of David is a six-pointed star made up of two equilateral triangles superimposed over each other. It also is known as a hexagram. In Hebrew, it is called the magen David (מָגֵן דָּוִד), which means the "shield of David." The Star of David doesn’t have any religious significance in Judaism, but it is one of the symbols most commonly associated with the Jewish people.  Origins of the Star of David The origins of the Star of David are unclear. We do know that the symbol hasn't always been associated exclusively with Judaism, but was used by Christians and Muslims at various points in history as well. Sometimes it was even associated with King Solomon instead of King David. The Star of David is not mentioned in rabbinic literature until the Middle Ages. It was during the latter part of this era that Kabbalists, the Jewish mystics, began to associate the symbol with a deeper spiritual meaning. One siddur (a Jewish prayer book) dated from 1512 in Prague displays a large Star of David on the cover with the phrase: "He will merit to bestow a bountiful gift on anyone who grasps the Shield of David." The Star of David was eventually cemented as a Jewish symbol when it became a favorite architectural decoration on Jewish buildings throughout the Middle Ages. According to German-born Israeli philosopher and historian Gershom Sholem, many Jews adopted this symbol in Eastern Europe in an effort to match the prevalence of the Christian cross.  Then, during World War II, when Hitler forced Jews to wear a yellow Star of David as a "badge of shame," the symbol became prominently cemented as a Jewish symbol. Jews were also forced to wear identifying badges during the Middle Ages, although not always a Star of David. Jews reclaimed the symbol, beginning with Zionists at the First Zionist Congress in 1897, where the Star of David was chosen as the central symbol of the flag of the future State of Israel. Today, the flag of Israel features a blue Star of David prominently in the middle of a white banner with two horizontal blue lines on the top and bottom of the flag. Likewise, many Jews wear jewelry that prominently features the Star of David today. What Is the David Connection? The symbol’s association with King David comes mostly from Jewish legend. For instance, there is a Midrash that says that when David was a teen he fought an enemy, King Nimrod. David's shield was composed of two interlocking triangles attached to the back of a round shield, and, at one point, the battle became so intense that the two triangles were fused together. David won the battle and the two triangles were henceforth known as magen David, the Shield of David. This story, of course, is just one of many. Symbolic Meanings There are several ideas about the symbolic meaning of the Star of David. Some Kabbalists thought that the six points represented God's absolute rule over the universe in all six directions: north, south, east, west, up, and down. Kabbalists also believed that the two triangles represented humanity’s dual nature—good and evil—and that the star could be used as protection against evil spirits. The structure of the star, with two overlapping triangles, has also been thought to represent the relationship between God and the Jewish people. The star that points up symbolizes God, and the star that points down represents Jews on Earth. Yet others have noticed that there are 12 sides on the triangle, perhaps representing the Twelve Tribes. Updated by Chaviva Gordon-Bennett. What Is a Cantor in the Jewish Faith? Who Is the Founder of Judaism? Tushuvah Is a Return to God Through Atonement for Sins Learn the Rabbi's Role in the Jewish Community The Meanings Behind Jewish Numbers Satan Is Not a Sentient Being In Judaism But a Metaphor for Evil Who Was Jesus According to Jewish Beliefs? What Is Judaism's Havdalah Ceremony? What Is the Jewish Practice of Kiddush? What Does Judaism Think About Sex? What's the Significance of Biblical Hebrew Names? What Does Jewish Law Say About Shoes? Biography of King David, Biblical Jewish Leader What Do Jews Believe Happens After We Die? How to Be a Modern-Day Mensch Understand the Symbolic Power of the Hamsa Hand Home Follow Us Facebook Flipboard Home East Asian Abrahamic/Middle East Indian Other Beliefs & Religions About Us Advertise Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Careers Editorial Guidelines Contact Terms of Use Learn Religions is part of the Dotdash publishing family. ThoughtCo Verywell Family Verywell Mind The Spruce and more

The History of the Balfour Declaration

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The History of the Balfour Declaration

MENU Home Search Ad Humanities › History & Culture The History of the Balfour Declaration Share Flipboard Email Topical Press Agency / Getty Images by Jennifer Rosenberg Updated June 11, 2018 The Balfour Declaration was a November 2, 1917 letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Lord Rothschild that made public the British support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The Balfour Declaration led the League of Nations to entrust the United Kingdom with the Palestine Mandate in 1922. Background The Balfour Declaration was a product of years of careful negotiation. After centuries of living in a diaspora, the 1894 Dreyfus Affair in France shocked Jews into realizing they would not be safe from arbitrary antisemitism unless they had their own country. In response, Jews created the new concept of political Zionism in which it was believed that through active political maneuvering, a Jewish homeland could be created. Zionism was becoming a popular concept by the time World War I began. World War I and Chaim Weizmann During World War I, Great Britain needed help. Since Germany (Britain's enemy during WWI) had cornered the production of acetone—an important ingredient for arms production—Great Britain may have lost the war if Chaim Weizmann had not invented a fermentation process that allowed the British to manufacture their own liquid acetone. It was this fermentation process that brought Weizmann to the attention of David Lloyd George (Minister of Ammunitions) and Arthur James Balfour (previously the Prime Minister but at this time the First Lord of the Admiralty). Chaim Weizmann was not just a scientist; he was also the leader of the Zionist Movement. Diplomacy Weizmann's contact with Lloyd George and Balfour continued, even after Lloyd George became prime minister and Balfour was transferred to the Foreign Office in 1916. Additional Zionist leaders such as Nahum Sokolow also pressured Great Britain to support a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Although Balfour, himself, was in favor of a Jewish state, Great Britain particularly favored the declaration as an act of policy. Britain wanted the United States to join World War I and the British hoped that by supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine, the world Jewish community would be able to sway the U.S. to join the war. Announcing the Balfour Declaration Though the Balfour Declaration went through several drafts, the final version was issued on November 2, 1917, in a letter from Balfour to Lord Rothschild, president of the British Zionist Federation. The main body of the letter quoted the decision of the October 31, 1917, British Cabinet meeting. This declaration was accepted by the League of Nations on July 24, 1922, and embodied in the mandate that gave Great Britain temporary administrative control of Palestine. The White Paper In 1939, Great Britain reneged on the Balfour Declaration by issuing the White Paper, which stated that creating a Jewish state was no longer a British policy. It was also Great Britain's change in policy toward Palestine, especially the White Paper, that prevented millions of European Jews to escape from Nazi-occupied Europe to Palestine before and during the Holocaust. Learn Something New Every Day Discover surprising insights and little-known facts about politics, literature, science, and the marvels of the natural world. ONE-TAP SIGN UP The Balfour Declaration Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, Arthur James Balfour CITE Article How Was the Formation of Israel Influenced by the Balfour Declaration? Article Biography of Golda Meir, Prime Minister of Israel Article U.S.-Israeli-Palestinian Relations Explained Article The Life of Gertrude Bell, English Explorer in Iraq Article Learn What Took Place in World War I's Aftermath Article Glossary of Holocaust Terms to Know Article Where Did Displaced Jews in Europe Go After the Holocaust? 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The Story of the Septuagint Bible and the Name Behind It

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The Story of the Septuagint Bible and the Name Behind It

MENU Home Search Ad Humanities › History & Culture The Story of the Septuagint Bible and the Name Behind It Share Flipboard Email MUNICH, GERMANY - JULY 09: The Ottheinrich Bible is displayed during a photocall of the 'Bayerische Staatsbibliothek' on July 9, 2008 in Munich, Germany. The Ottheinrich Bible, the first illuminated courtly masterpiece, lavishly illustrated with sparkling gold and precious colours manuscript of the New Testament in German, written circa 1430 in Bavaria, almost 100 years before the seminal Bible translation by Martin Luther, the unusually large manuscript is incomparably the grandest surviving manuscript of the German vernacular Bible, as well as one of the most ambitious books of the northern renaissance. The Bible is expected to fetch in excess of 3 million Euro. Alexander Hassenstein / Getty Images by N.S. Gill's Ancient/Classical History Glossary Updated April 10, 2019 The Septuagint Bible arose in the 3rd century B.C., when the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, was translated into Greek. The name Septuagint derives from the Latin word septuaginta, which means 70. The Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible is called Septuagint because 70 or 72 Jewish scholars reportedly took part in the translation process. The scholars worked in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-247 B.C.), according to the Letter of Aristeas to his brother Philocrates. They assembled to translate the Hebrew Old Testament into the Greek language because Koine Greek began to supplant Hebrew as the language most commonly spoken by the Jewish people during the Hellenistic Period. Aristeas determined that 72 scholars took part in the Hebrew-to-Greek Bible translation by calculating six elders for each of the 12 tribes of Israel. Adding to the legend and symbolism of the number is the idea that the translation was created in 72 days, according to The Biblical Archaeologist article, "Why Study the Septuagint?" written by Melvin K. H. Peters in 1986. Calvin J. Roetzel states in The World That Shaped the New Testament that the original Septuagint only contained the Pentateuch. The Pentateuch is the Greek version of the Torah, which consists of the first five books of the Bible. The text chronicles the Israelites from creation to the leave-taking of Moses. The specific books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. Later versions of the Septuagint included the other two sections of the Hebrew Bible, Prophets and Writings. Roetzel discusses a latter-day embellishment to the Septuagint legend, which today probably qualifies as a miracle: Not only did 72 scholars working independently make separate translations in 70 days, but these translations agreed in every detail. Featured Thursday's Term to Learn. The Septuagint is also known as: LXX. Example of Septuagint in a Sentence The Septuagint contains Greek idioms that express events differently from the way they were expressed in the Hebrew Old Testament. The term Septuagint is sometimes used to refer to any Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. 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ONE-TAP SIGN UP Follow Us Facebook Flipboard Science, Tech, Math Humanities Languages Resources About Us Advertise Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Careers Editorial Guidelines Contact Terms of Use ThoughtCo is part of the Dotdash publishing family. Verywell Family Verywell Mind The Balance Lifewire and more