Monday, February 5, 2018

THE SHABBAT

sab´ath ( שׁבּת , shabbāth , שׁבּתון , shabbāthōn ; σάββατον , sábbaton , τὰ σάββατα , tá sábbata ; the root shābhath in Hebrew means "to desist," "cease," "rest"):

I. ORIGIN OF THE SABBATH

1. The Biblical Account

2. Critical Theories

II. HISTORY OF THE SABBATH AFTER MOSES

1. In the Old Testament

2. In the Inter-Testamental Period

3. Jesus and the Sabbath

4. Paul and the Sabbath

LITERATURE

The Sabbath was the day on which man was to leave off his secular labors and keep a day holy to Yahweh.

I. Origin of the Sabbath.

1. The Biblical Account:

The sketch of creation in Genesis 1:1 through 2:3 closes with an impressive account of the hallowing of the 7th day, because on it God rested from all the work which He had made creatively. The word "Sabbath" does not occur in the story; but it is recognized by critics of every school that the author (P) means to describe the Sabbath as primeval. In Exodus 20:8-11 (ascribed to JE) the reason assigned for keeping the 7th day as a holy Sabbath is the fact that Yahweh rested after the six days of creative activity. Exodus 31:17 employs a bold figure, and describes Yahweh as refreshing Himself ("catching His breath") after six days of work. The statement that God set apart the 7th day for holy purposes in honor of His own rest after six days of creative activity is boldly challenged by many modern scholars as merely the pious figment of a priestly imagination of the exile. There are so few hints of a weekly Sabbath before Moses, who is comparatively a modern character, that argumentation is almost excluded, and each student will approach the question with the bias of his whole intellectual and spiritual history. There is no distinct mention of the Sabbath in Gen, though a 7-day period is referred to several times ( Genesis 7:4 , Genesis 7:10; Genesis 8:10 , Genesis 8:12; Genesis 29:27 f). The first express mention of the Sabbath is found in Exodus 16:21-30 , in connection with the giving of the manna. Yahweh taught the people in the wilderness to observe the 7th day as a Sabbath of rest by sending no manna on that day, a double supply being given on the 6th day of the week. Here we have to do with a weekly Sabbath as a day of rest from ordinary secular labor. A little later the Ten Words (Commands) were spoken by Yahweh from Sinai in the hearing of all the people, and were afterward written on the two tables of stone (Ex 20:1-17; Exodus 34:1-5 , Exodus 34:27 f). The Fourth Commandment enjoins upon Israel the observance of the 7th day of the week as a holy day on which no work shall be done by man or beast. Children and servants are to desist from all work, and even the stranger within the gates is required to keep the day holy. The reason assigned is that Yahweh rested on the 7th day and blessed it and hallowed it. There is no hint that the restrictions were meant to guard against the wrath of a jealous and angry deity. The Sabbath was meant to be a blessing to man and not a burden. After the sin in connection with the golden call Yahweh rehearses the chief duties required of Israel, and again announces the law of the Sabbath ( Exodus 34:21 , ascribed to J). In the Levitical legislation there is frequent mention of the Sabbath (Exodus 31:13-16; Exodus 35:2 f; Leviticus 19:3 , Leviticus 19:10; Leviticus 23:3 , Leviticus 23:18 ). A willful Sabbath-breaker was put to death (Numbers 15:32-36 ). In the Deuteronomic legislation there is equal recognition of the importance and value of the Sabbath (Deuteronomy 5:12-15 ). Here the reason assigned for the observance of the Sabbath philanthropic and humanitarian: "that thy man-servant and thy maid-servant may rest as well as thou." It is thus manifest that all the Pentateuchal codes, whether proceeding from Moses alone or from many hands in widely different centuries, equally recognize the Sabbath as one of the characteristic institutions of Israel's religious and social life. If we cannot point to any observance of the weekly Sabbath prior to Moses, we can at least be sure that this was one of the institutions which he gave to Israel. From the days of Moses until now the holy Sabbath has been kept by devout Israelites.

2. Critical Theories:

"The older theories of the origin of the Jewish Sabbath (connecting it with Egypt, with the day of Saturn, or in general with the seven planets) have now been almost entirely abandoned (see ASTRONOMY , I, 5). The disposition at present is to regard the day as originally a lunar festival, similar to a Bablonian custom (Schrader, Stud. u. Krit ., 1874), the rather as the cuneiform documents appear to contain a term šabattu or šabattum , identical in form and meaning with the Hebrew word šabbāthōn ." Thus wrote Professor C. H. Toy in 1899 ( JBL , XVIII , 190). In a syllabary (II R, 32,16a, b) šabattum is said to be equivalent to ǔm nǔh̬ libbi , the natural translation of which seemed to be "day of rest of the heart." Schrader, Sayce and others so understood the phrase, and naturally looked upon šabattum as equivalent to the Hebrew Sabbath. But Jensen and others have shown that the phrase should be rendered "day of the appeasement of the mind" (of an offended deity). The reference is to a day of atonement or pacification rather than a day of rest, a day in which one must be careful not to arouse the anger of the god who was supposed to preside over that particular day. Now the term šabattum has been found only 5 or 6 times in the Babylonian inscriptions and in none of them is it connected with the 7th day of a week. There was, however, a sort of institution among the superstitious Babylonians that has been compared with the Hebrew Sabbath. In certain months of the year (Elul, Marcheshvan) the 7th, 14th, 19th, 21st and 28th days were set down as favorable days, or unfavorable days, that is, as days in which the king, the priest and the physician must be careful not to stir up the anger of the deity. On these days the king was not to eat food prepared by fire, not to put on royal dress, not to ride in his chariot, etc. As to the 19th day, it is thought that it was included among the unlucky days because it was the 49th (7 times 7) from the 1st of the preceding month. As there were 30 days in the month, it is evident that we are not dealing with a recurring 7th day in the week, as is the case with the Hebrew Sabbath. Moreover, no proof has been adduced that the term šabattum was ever applied to these dies nefasti or unlucky days. Hence, the assertions of some Assyriologists with regard to the Babylonian origin of the Sabbath must be taken with several grams of salt. Notice must be taken of an ingenious and able paper by Professor M. Jastrow, which was read before the Eleventh International Congress of Orientalists in Paris in 1897, in which the learned author attempts to show that the Hebrew Sabbath was originally a day of propitiation like the Babylonian šabattum ( AJT , II, 312-52). He argues that the restrictive measures in the Hebrew laws for the observance of the Sabbath arose from the original conception of the Sabbath as an unfavorable day, a day in which the anger of Yahweh might flash forth against men. Although Jastrow has supported his thesis with many arguments that are cogent, yet the reverent student of the Scriptures will find it difficult to resist the impression that the Old Testament writers without exception thought of the Sabbath not as an unfavorable or unlucky day but rather as a day set apart for the benefit of man. Whatever may have been the attitude of the early Hebrews toward the day which was to become a characteristic institution of Judaism in all ages and in all lands, the organs of revelation throughout the Old Testament enforce the observance of the Sabbath by arguments which lay emphasis upon its beneficent and humanitarian aspects.

We must call attention to Meinhold's ingenious hypothesis as to the origin of the Sabbath. In 1894 Theophilus G. Pinches discovered a tablet in which the term shapattu is applied to the 15th day of the month. Meinhold argues that shabattu in Babylonian denotes the day of the full moon. Dr. Skinner thus describes Meinhold's theory: "He points to the close association of new-moon and Sabbath in nearly all the pre-exilic references ( Amos 8:5; Hosea 2:11; Isaiah 1:13; 2 Kings 4:23 f); and concludes that in early Israel, as in Babylonia, the Sabbath was the full-moon festival and nothing else. The institution of the weekly Sabbath he traces to a desire to compensate for the loss of the old lunar festivals, when these were abrogated by the Deuteronomic reformation. This innovation he attributes to Ezekiel; but steps toward it are found in the introduction of a weekly day of rest during harvest only (on the ground of Deuteronomy 16:8 f; compare Exodus 34:21 ), and in the establishment of the sabbatical year (Lev 25), which he considers to be older than the weekly Sabbath" (ICC on Gen, p. 39). Dr. Skinner well says that Meinhold's theory involves great improbabilities. It is not certain that the Babylonians applied the term sabattu to the 15th day of the month because it was the day of the full moon; and it is by no means certain that the early prophets in Israel identified Sabbath with the festival of the full moon.

The wealth of learning and ingenuity expended in the search for the origin of the Sabbath has up to the present yielded small returns.

II. History of the Sabbath After Moses.

1. In the Old Testament:

The early prophets and historians occasionally make mention of the Sabbath. It is sometimes named in connection with the festival of the new moon (2 Kings 4:23; Amos 8:5; Hosea 2:11; Isaiah 1:13; Ezekiel 46:3 ). The prophets found fault with the worship on the Sabbath, because it was not spiritual nor prompted by love and gratitude. The Sabbath is exalted by the great prophets who faced the crisis of the Babylonian exile as one of the most valuable institutions in Israel's life. Great promises are attached to faithful observance of the holy day, and confession is made of Israel's unfaithfulness in profaning the Sabbath (Jeremiah 17:21-27; Isaiah 56:2 , Isaiah 56:4; Isaiah 58:13; Ezekiel 20:12-24 ). In the Persian period Nehemiah struggled earnestly to make the people of Jerusalem observe the law of the Sabbath (Nehemiah 10:31; Nehemiah 13:15-22 ).

2. In the Inter-Testamental Period:

With the development of the synagogue the Sabbath became a day of worship and of study of the Law, as well as a day of cessation from all secular employment. That the pious in Israel carefully observed the Sabbath is clear from the conduct of the Maccabees and their followers, who at first declined to resist the onslaught made by their enemies on the Sabbath (1 Maccabees 2:29-38 ); but necessity drove the faithful to defend themselves against hostile attack on the Sabbath (1 Maccabees 2:39-41 ). It was during the period between Ezra and the Christian era that the spirit of Jewish legalism flourished. Innumerable restrictions and rules were formulated for the conduct of life under the Law. Great principles were lost to sight in the mass of petty details. Two entire treatises of the Mishna, Shabbāth and ‛Ērūbhı̄n , are devoted to the details of Sabbath observance. The subject is touched upon in other parts of the Mishna; and in the Gemara there are extended discussions, with citations of the often divergent opinions of the rabbis. In the Mishna ( Shahbāth , vii. 2) there are 39 classes of prohibited actions with regard to the Sabbath, and there is much hair-splitting in working out the details. The beginnings of this elaborate definition of actions permitted and actions forbidden are to be found in the centuries immediately preceding the Christian era. The movement was at flood tide during our Lord's earthly ministry and continued for centuries afterward, in spite of His frequent and vigorous protests.

3. Jesus and the Sabbath:

Apart from His claim to be the Messiah, there is no subject on which our Lord came into such sharp conflict with the religious leaders of the Jews as in the matter of Sabbath observance. He set Himself squarely against the current rabbinic restrictions as contrary to the spirit of the original law of the Sabbath. The rabbis seemed to think that the Sabbath was an end in itself, an institution to which the pious Israelite must subject all his personal interests; in other words, that man was made for the Sabbath: man might suffer hardship, but the institution must be preserved inviolate. Jesus, on the contrary, taught that the Sabbath was made for man's benefit. If there should arise a conflict between man's needs and the letter of the Law, man's higher interests and needs must take precedence over the law of the Sabbath (Matthew 12:1-14; Mk 2:23 through 3:6; Luke 6:1-11; also Jn 5:1-18; Luke 13:10-17; Luke 14:1-6 ). There is no reason to think that Jesus meant to discredit the Sabbath as an institution. It was His custom to attend worship in the synagogue on the Sabbath (Luke 4:16 ). The humane element in the rest day at the end of every week must have appealed to His sympathetic nature. It was the one precept of the Decalogue that was predominantly ceremonial, though it had distinct sociological and moral value. As an institution for the benefit of toiling men and animals, Jesus held the Sabbath in high regard. As the Messiah, He was not subject to its restrictions; He could at any moment assert His lordship over the Sabbath (Mark 2:28 ). The institution was not on a par with the great moral precepts, which are unchangeable. It is worthy of note that, while Jesus pushed the moral precepts of the Decalogue into the inner realm of thought and desire, thus making the requirement more difficult and the law more exacting, He fought for a more liberal and lenient interpretation of the law of the Sabbath. Rigorous sabbatarians must look elsewhere for a champion of their views.

4. Paul and the Sabbath:

The early Christians kept the 7th day as a Sabbath, much after the fashion of other Jews. Gradually the 1st day of the week came to be recognized as the day on which the followers of Jesus would meet for worship. The resurrection of our Lord on that day made it for Christians the most joyous day of all the week. When Gentiles were admitted into the church, the question at once arose whether they should be required to keep the Law of Moses. It is the glory of Paul that he fought for and won freedom for his Gentile fellow-Christians. It is significant of the attitude of the apostles that the decrees of the Council at Jerusalem made no mention of Sabbath observance in the requirements laid upon Gentile Christians (Acts 15:28 f). Paul boldly contended that believers in Jesus, whether Jew or Gentile, were set free from the burdens of the Mosaic Law. Even circumcision counted for nothing, now that men were saved by believing in Jesus ( Galatians 5:6 ). Christian liberty as proclaimed by Paul included all days and seasons. A man could observe special days or not, just as his own judgment and conscience might dictate (Romans 14:5 f); but in all such matters one ought to be careful not to put a stumblingblock in a brother's way ( Romans 14:13 ff). That Paul contended for personal freedom in respect of the Sabbath is made quite clear in Colossians 2:16 f, where he groups together dietary laws, feast days, new moons and sabbaths. The early Christians brought over into their mode of observing the Lord's Day the best elements of the Jewish Sabbath, without its onerous restrictions.) See further LORD 'S DAY; ETHICS OF JESUS , I., 3., (1).

Literature.

J. A. Hessey, Sunday, Its Origin, History, and Present Obligation (Bampton Lectures for 1860); Zahn, Geschichte des Sonntags , 1878; Davis, Genesis and Semitic Tradition , 1894,23-35; Jastrow, "The Original Character of the Heb Sabbath," AJT , II, 1898,312-52; Toy, "The Earliest Form of the Sabbath," JBL , XVIII . 1899,190-94; W. Lotz, Questionum de historia Sabbati libri duo , 1883; Nowack, Hebr. Arch ., II, 1894,140 ff; Driver, HDB , IV, 1902,317-23; ICC , on "Gen," 1911,35-39; Dillmann, Ex u. Lev3 , 1897,212-16; Edersheim, Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah , II, 1883,51-62,777-87; Broadus, Commentary on Mt , 256-61; EB , IV, 1903,4173-80; Gunkel, Gen3 , 1910,114-16; Meinhold, Sabbat u. Woche im Altes Testament , 1905; Beer, Schabbath , 1908.

III. Seventh-Day Adventist Position

The views entertained by Seventh-Day Adventists concerning the nature and obligation of the Sabbath may conveniently be presented under three general divisions: (1) what the Bible says concerning the Sabbath; (2) what history says concerning the Sabbath; (3) the significance of the Sabbath.

1. What the Bible Says Concerning the Sabbath:

(1) Old Testament Teaching.

In their views concerning the institution and primal obligation of the Sabbath, Seventh-Day Adventists are in harmony with the views held by the early representatives of nearly all the evangelical denominations. The Sabbath is coeval with the finishing of creation, and the main facts connected with establishing it are recorded in Genesis 2:2 , Genesis 2:3 . The blessing here placed upon the seventh day distinguishes it from the other days of the week, and the day thus blessed was "sanctified" (King James Version, Revised Version "hallowed") and set apart for man.

That the Sabbath thus instituted was well known throughout the Patriarchal age is clearly established both by direct evidence and by necessary inference.

"If we had no other passage than this of Genesis 2:3 , there would be no difficulty in deducing from it a precept for the universal observance of a Sabbath, or seventh day, to be devoted to God as holy time by all of that race for whom the earth and all things therein were specially prepared. The first men must have known it. The words, 'He hallowed it,' can have no meaning otherwise. They would be a blank unless in reference to some who were required to keep it holy" (Lange's Commentary on Genesis 2:3 , I, 197).

"And the day arrived when Moses went to Goshen to see his brethren, that he saw the children of Israel in their burdens and hard labor, and Moses was grieved on their account. And Moses returned to Egypt and came to the house of Pharaoh, and came before the king, and Moses bowed down before the king. And Moses said unto Pharaoh, I pray thee, my lord, I have come to seek a small request from thee, turn not away my face empty; and Pharaoh said unto him, Speak. And Moses said unto Pharaoh, Let there be given unto thy servants the children of Israel who are in Goshen, one day to rest therein from their labor. And the king answered Moses and said, Behold I have lifted up thy face in this thing to grant thy request. And Pharaoh ordered a proclamation to be issued throughout Egypt and Goshen, saying, To you, all the children of Israel, thus says the king, for six days you shall do your work and labor, but on the seventh day you shall rest, and shall not perform any work; thus shall you do in all the days, as the king and Moses the son of Bathia have commanded. And Moses rejoiced at this thing which the king had granted to him, and all the children of Israel did as Moses ordered them. For this thing was from the Lord to the children of Israel, for the Lord had begun to remember the children of Israel to save them for the sake of their fathers. And the Lord was with Moses, and his fame went throughout Egypt. And Moses became great in the eyes of all the Egyptians, and in the eyes of all the children of Israel, seeking good for his people Israel, and speaking words of peace regarding them to the king" ( Book of Jashar 70 41-51, published by Noah and Gould, New York, 1840).

"Hence, you can see that the Sabbath was before the Law of Moses came, and has existed from the beginning of the world. Especially have the devout, who have preserved the true faith, met together and called upon God on this day" (Luther's Works, XXXV , p. 330).

"Why should God begin two thousand years after (the creation of the world) to give men a Sabbath upon the reason of His rest from the creation of it, if He had never called man to that commemoration before? And it is certain that the Sabbath was observed at the falling of the manna before the giving of the Law; and let any considering Christian judge...(1) whether the not falling of manna, or the rest of God after the creation, was like to be the original reason of the Sabbath; (2) and whether, if it had been the first, it would not have been said, Remember to keep holy the Sabbath day; for on six days the manna fell, and not on the seventh; rather than for in six days God created heaven and earth, etc., and rested the seventh day.' And it is casually added, 'Wherefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day, and hallowed it.' Nay, consider whether this annexed reason intimates not that the day on this ground being hallowed before, therefore it was that God sent not down the manna on that day, and that He prhibited the people from seeking it" (Richard Baxter, Practical Works , III, 774, edition 1707).

That the Sabbath was known to those who came out of Egypt, even before the giving of the Law at Sinai, is shown from the experience with the manna, as recorded in Exodus 16:22-30 . The double portion on the sixth day, and its preservation, was the constantly recurring miracle which reminded the people of their obligation to observe the Sabbath, and that the Sabbath was a definite day, the seventh day. To the people, first wondering at this remarkable occurrence, Moses said, "This is that which the Lord hath said, To morrow is the rest of the holy sabbath unto the Lord" (Exodus 16:23 , King James Version). And to some who went out to gather manna on the seventh day, the Lord administered this rebuke: "How long refuse ye to keep my commandments and my laws?" (Exodus 16:28 ). All this shows that the Sabbath law was well understood, and that the failure to observe it rendered the people justly subject to Divine reproof.

At Sinai, the Sabbath which was instituted at creation, and had been observed during the intervening centuries, was embodied in that formal statement of man's duties usually designated as the "Ten Commandments." It is treated as an institution already well known and the command is, "Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy" (Exodus 20:8 ). In the 4th commandment the basis of the Sabbath is revealed. It is a memorial of the Creator's rest at the close of those six days in which He made "heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is." For this reason "Yahweh blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it." This blessing was not placed upon the day at Sinai, but in the beginning, when "God blessed the seventh day, and hallowed it" (Genesis 2:3 ).

From the very nature of the basis of the Sabbath, as set forth in this commandment, both the institution itself and the definite day of the Sabbath are of a permanent nature. So long as it is true that God created heaven and earth, and all things therein, so long will the Sabbath remain as a memorial of that work; and so long as it is true that this creative work was completed in six days, and that God Himself rested on the seventh day, and was refreshed in the enjoyment of His completed work, so long will it be true that the memorial of that work can properly be celebrated only upon the seventh day of the week.

During all the period from the deliverance out of Egypt to the captivity in Babylon, the people of God were distinguished from the nations about them by the worship of the only true God, and the observance of His holy day. The proper observance of the true Sabbath would preserve them from idolatry, being a constant reminder of the one God, the Creator of all things. Even when Jerusalem was suffering from the attacks of the Babylonians, God assured His people, through the prophet Jeremiah, that if they would hallow the Sabbath day, great should be their prosperity, and the city should remain forever (Jeremiah 17:18 ). This shows that the spiritual observance of the Sabbath was the supreme test of their right relation to God. In those prophecies of Isaiah, which deal primarily with the restoration from Babylon, remarkable promises were made to those who would observe the Sabbath, as recorded in Isaiah 56:1-7 .

(2) New Testament Teaching.

From the record found in the four Gospels, it is plain that the Jews during all the previous centuries had preserved a knowledge both of the Sabbath institution and of the definite day. It is equally plain that they had made the Sabbath burdensome by their own rigorous exactions concerning it. And Christ, the Lord of the Sabbath, both by example and by precept, brushed aside these traditions of men that He might reveal the Sabbath of the commandment as God gave it - a blessing and not a burden. A careful reading of the testimony of the evangelists will show that Christ taught the observance of the commandments of God, rather than the traditions of men, and that the charge of Sabbath-breaking was brought against Him for no other reason than that He refused to allow the requirements of man to change the Sabbath, blessed of God, into a merely human institution, grievous in its nature, and enforced upon the people with many and troublesome restrictions.

All are agreed that Christ and His disciples observed the seventh-day Sabbath previous to the crucifixion. That His followers had received no intimation of any proposed change at His death, is evident from the recorded fact that on the day when He was in the tomb they rested, "on the sabbath ... according to the commandment" (Luke 23:56 ); and that they treated the following day, the first day of the week, the same as of old, is further evident, as upon that day they came unto the sepulcher for the purpose of anointing the body of Jesus. In the Book of Acts, which gives a brief history of the work of the disciples in proclaiming the gospel of a risen Saviour, no other Sabbath is recognized than the seventh day, and this is mentioned in the most natural way as the proper designation of a well-known institution (Acts 13:14 , Acts 13:27 , Acts 13:42; Acts 16:13; Acts 18:4 ).

In our Lord's great prophecy, in which He foretold the experience of the church between the first and the second advent, He recognized the seventh-day Sabbath as an existing institution at the time of the destruction of Jerusalem (70 AD), when He instructed His disciples, "Pray ye that your flight be not in the winter, neither on a sabbath" (Matthew 24:20 ). Such instruction given in these words, and at that time, would have been confusing in the extreme, had there been any such thing contemplated as the overthrow of the Sabbath law at the crucifixion, and the substitution of another day upon an entirely different basis.

That the original Sabbath is to be observed, not only during the present order of things, but also after the restoration when, according to the vision of the revelator, a new heaven and a new earth will take the place of the heaven and the earth that now are, is clearly intimated in the words of the Lord through the prophet Isaiah: "For as the new heavens and the new earth, which I will make, shall remain before me, saith Yahweh, so shall your seed and your name remain. And it shall come to pass, that from one new moon to another, and from one sabbath to another, shall all flesh come to worship before me, saith Yahweh" (Isaiah 66:22 , Isaiah 66:23 ).

Seventh-Day Adventists regard the effort to establish the observance of another day than the seventh by using such texts as John 20:19 , John 20:26; Acts 20:7; 1 Corinthians 16:1 , 1 Corinthians 16:2; Revelation 1:10 as being merely an afterthought, an effort to find warrant for an observance established upon other than Biblical authority. During the last two or three centuries there has been a movement for the restoration of the original seventh-day Sabbath, not as a Jewish, but as a Christian, institution. This work, commenced and carried forward by the Seventh-Day Baptists, has been taken up and pushed with renewed vigor by the Seventh-Day Adventists during the present generation, and the Bible teaching concerning the true Sabbath is now being presented in nearly every country, both civilized and uncivilized, on the face of the earth.

2. What History Says About the Sabbath:

(1) Josephus.

This summary of history must necessarily be brief, and it will be impossible, for lack of space, to quote authorities. From the testimony of Josephus it is clear that the Jews, as a nation, continued to observe the seventh-day Sabbath until their overthrow, when Jerusalem was captured by Titus, 70 AD. As colonies, and individuals, scattered over the face of the earth, the Jews have preserved a knowledge of the original Sabbath, and the definite day, until the present time. They constitute a living testimony for the benefit of all who desire to know the truth of this matter.

(2) Church History.

According to church history, the seventh-day Sabbath was observed by the early church, and no other day was observed as a Sabbath during the first two or three centuries (see HDB , IV, 322 b).

In the oft-repeated letter of Pliny, the Roman governor of Bithynia, to the emperor Trajan, written about 112 AD, there occurs the expression, "a certain stated day," which is usually assumed to mean Sunday. With reference to this matter W.B. Taylor, in Historical Commentaries , chapter i, section 47, makes the following statement: "As the Sabbath day appears to have been quite as commonly observed at this date as the sun's day (if not even more so), it is just as probable that this 'stated day' referred to by Pliny was the 7th day as that it was the 1st day; though the latter is generally taken for granted." "Sunday was distinguished as a day of joy by the circumstances that men did not fast upon it, and that they prayed standing up and not kneeling, as Christ had now been raised from the dead. The festival of Sunday, like all other festivals, was always only a human ordinance, and it was far from the intentions of the apostles to establish a divine command in this respect, far from them, and from the early apostolic church, to transfer the laws of the Sabbath to Sunday. Perhaps at the end of the 2nd century, a false application of this kind had begun to take place; for men appear by that time to have considered laboring on Sunday as a sin" (Tertullian De Orat ., c. 23). This quotation is taken from Rose's Neander , London, 1831, I, 33 f, and is the correct translation from Neander's first German edition, Hamburg, 1826, I, pt. 2, p. 339. Neander has in his 2nd edition, 1842, omitted the second sentence, in which he expressly stated that Sunday was only a human ordinance, but he has added nothing to the contrary. "The Christians in the ancient church very soon distinguished the first day of the week, Sunday; however, not as a Sabbath, but as an assembly day of the church, to study the Word of God together and to celebrate the ordinances one with another: without a shadow of doubt this took place as early as the first part of the 2nd century" ( Geschichte des Sonntags , 60).

Gradually, however, the first day of the week came into prominence as an added day, but finally by civil and ecclesiastical authority as a required observance. The first legislation on this subject was the famous law of Constantine, enacted 321 AD. The acts of various councils during the 4th and 5th centuries established the observance of the first day of the week by ecclesiastical authority, and in the great apostasy which followed, the rival day obtained the ascendancy. During the centuries which followed, however, there were always witnesses for the true Sabbath, although under great persecution. And thus in various lands, the knowledge of the true Sabbath has been preserved.

3. The Significance of the Sabbath:

In the creation of the heavens and the earth the foundation of the gospel was laid. At the close of His created work, "God saw everything that he had made, and, behold, it was very good" (Genesis 1:31 ). The Sabbath was both the sign and the memorial of that creative power which is able to make all things good. But man, made in the image of God, lost that image through sin. In the gospel, provision is made for the restoration of the image of God in the soul of man. The Creator is the Redeemer and redemption is the new creation. Since the Sabbath was the sign of that creative power which worked in Christ, the Word, in the making of the heaven and the earth and all things therein, so it is the sign of that same creative power working through the same eternal Word for the restoration of all things. "Wherefore if any man is in Christ, there is a new creation: the old things are passed away; behold, they are become new" (2 Corinthians 5:17 margin). "For neither is circumcision anything, nor uncircumcision, but a new creation" ( Galatians 6:15 margin). "For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God afore prepared that we should walk in them" ( Ephesians 2:10 ).

A concrete illustration of this gospel meaning of the Sabbath is found in the deliverance of Israel from Egypt. The same creative power which wrought in the beginning was exercised in the signs and miracles which preceded their deliverance, and in those miracles, such as the opening of the Red Sea, the giving of the manna, and the water from the rock, which attended the journeyings of the Israelites. In consequence of these manifestations of creative power in their behalf, the children of Israel were instructed to remember in their observance of the Sabbath that they were bondsmen in the land of Egypt. Israel's deliverance from Egypt is the type of every man's deliverance from sin; and the instruction to Israel concerning the Sabbath shows its true significance in the gospel of salvation from sin, and the new creation in the image of God.

Furthermore, the seventh-day Sabbath is the sign of both the divinity and the deity of Christ. God only can create. He through whom this work is wrought must be one with God. To this the Scriptures testify: "In the beginning was the Word,... and the Word was God.... All things were made through him; and without him was not anything made that hath been made." But this same Word which was with God, and was God, "became flesh, and dwelt among us" (John 1:1 , John 1:3 , John 1:14 ). This is the eternal Son, "in whom we have our redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of our trespasses, according to the riches of his grace" (Ephesians 1:7 ). To the Christian the Sabbath, which was the sign and memorial of that divine power which wrought through the eternal Word in the creation of the heaven and the earth, becomes the sign of the same power working through the same eternal Son to accomplish the new creation, and is thus the sign of both the divinity and the deity of Christ.

Inasmuch as the redemptive work finds its chiefest expression in the cross of Christ, the Sabbath, which is the sign of that redemptive work, becomes the sign of the cross.

Seventh-Day Adventists teach and practice the observance of the Sabbath, not because they believe in salvation through man's effort to keep the law of God, but because they believe in that salvation which alone can be accomplished by the creative power of God working through the eternal Son to create believers anew in Christ Jesus.

Seventh-Day Adventists believe, and teach, that the observance of any other day than the seventh as the Sabbath is the sign of that predicted apostasy in which the man of sin would be revealed who would exalt himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped.

Seventh-Day Adventists believe, and teach, that the observance of the true Sabbath in this generation is a part of that gospel work which is to make ready a people prepared for the Lord.

Father, Son and Holy Spirit

The Father

God the eternal Father is the Creator, Source, Sustainer, and Sovereign of all creation. He is just and holy, merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness. The qualities and powers exhibited in the Son and the Holy Spirit are also those of the Father. (Gen. 1:1; Deut. 4:35; Ps. 110:1, 4; John 3:16; 14:9; 1 Cor. 15:28; 1 Tim. 1:17; 1 John 4:8; Rev. 4:11.)

The Son

God the eternal Son became incarnate in Jesus Christ. Through Him all things were created, the character of God is revealed, the salvation of humanity is accomplished, and the world is judged. Forever truly God, He became also truly human, Jesus the Christ. He was conceived of the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary. He lived and experienced temptation as a human being, but perfectly exemplified the righteousness and love of God. By His miracles He manifested God’s power and was attested as God’s promised Messiah. He suffered and died voluntarily on the cross for our sins and in our place, was raised from the dead, and ascended to heaven to minister in the heavenly sanctuary in our behalf. He will come again in glory for the final deliverance of His people and the restoration of all things. (Isa. 53:4-6; Dan. 9:25-27; Luke 1:35; John 1:1-3, 14; 5:22; 10:30; 14:1-3, 9, 13; Rom. 6:23; 1 Cor. 15:3, 4; 2 Cor. 3:18; 5:17-19; Phil. 2:5-11; Col. 1:15-19; Heb. 2:9- 18; 8:1, 2.) 4

The Holy Spirit

God the eternal Spirit was active with the Father and the Son in Creation, incarnation, and redemption. He is as much a person as are the Father and the Son. He inspired the writers of Scripture. He filled Christ’s life with power. He draws and convicts human beings; and those who respond He renews and transforms into the image of God. Sent by the Father and the Son to be always with His children, He extends spiritual gifts to the church, empowers it to bear witness to Christ, and in harmony with the Scriptures leads it into all truth. (Gen. 1:1, 2; 2 Sam. 23:2; Ps. 51:11; Isa. 61:1; Luke 1:35; 4:18; John 14:16-18, 26; 15:26; 16:7-13; Acts 1:8; 5:3; 10:38; Rom. 5:5; 1 Cor. 12:7-11; 2 Cor. 3:18; 2 Peter 1:21.)

YOM SHABBAT

The Sabbath

The gracious Creator, after the six days of Creation, rested on the seventh day and instituted the Sabbath for all people as a memorial of Creation. The fourth commandment of God’s unchangeable law requires the observance of this seventh-day Sabbath as the day of rest, worship, and ministry in harmony with the teaching and practice of Jesus, the Lord of the Sabbath. The Sabbath is a day of delightful communion with God and one another. It is a symbol of our redemption in Christ, a sign of our sanctification, a token of our allegiance, and a foretaste of our eternal future in God’s kingdom. The Sabbath is God’s perpetual sign of His eternal covenant between Him and His people. Joyful observance of this holy time from evening to evening, sunset to sunset, is a celebration of God’s creative and redemptive acts. (Gen. 2:1-3; Exod. 20:8-11; 31:13-17; Lev. 23:32; Deut. 5:12-15; Isa. 56:5, 6; 58:13, 14; Ezek. 20:12, 20; Matt. 12:1-12; Mark 1:32; Luke 4:16; Heb. 4:1-11.)

The House of Israel

59- “The House of Israel”

In proclaiming the truths of the everlasting gospel to every nation, kindred, tongue, and people, God’s church on earth today is fulfilling the ancient prophecy, “Israel shall blossom and bud, and fill the face of the world with fruit.” Isaiah 27:6. The followers of Jesus, in co-operation with heavenly intelligences, are rapidly occupying the waste places of the earth; and, as the result of their labors, an abundant fruitage of precious souls is developing. Today, as never before, the dissemination of Bible truth by means of a consecrated church is bringing to the sons of men the benefits foreshadowed centuries ago in the promise to Abraham and to all Israel,—to God’s church on earth in every age,—“I will bless thee, ... and thou shalt be a blessing.” Genesis 12:2.
This promise of blessing should have met fulfillment in large measure during the centuries following the return of the Israelites from the lands of their captivity. It was God’s design that the whole earth be prepared for the first advent of Christ, even as today the way is preparing for His second coming. At the end of the years of humiliating exile, God graciously gave to His people Israel, through Zechariah, the assurance: “I am returned unto Zion, and will dwell in the midst of Jerusalem: and Jerusalem shall be called a city of truth; and the mountain of the Lord of hosts the holy mountain.” And of His people He said, “Behold, ... I will be their God, in truth and in righteousness.” Zechariah 8:3, 7, 8.
These promises were conditional on obedience. The sins that had characterized the Israelites prior to the captivity, were not to be repeated. “Execute true judgment,” the Lord exhorted those who were engaged in rebuilding; “and show mercy and compassions every man to his brother: and oppress not the widow, nor the fatherless, the stranger, nor the poor; and let none of you imagine evil against his brother.” “Speak ye every man the truth to his neighbor; execute the judgment of truth and peace in your gates.” Zechariah 7:9, 10; 8:16.
Rich were the rewards, both temporal and spiritual, promised those who should put into practice these principles of righteousness. “The seed shall be prosperous,” the Lord declared; “the vine shall give her fruit, and the ground shall give her increase, and the heavens shall give their dew; and I will cause the remnant of this people to possess all these things. And it shall come to pass, that as ye were a curse among the heathen, O house of Judah, and house of Israel; so I will save you, and ye shall be a blessing.” Zechariah 8:12, 13.
By the Babylonish captivity the Israelites were effectually cured of the worship of graven images. After their return, they gave much attention to religious instruction and to the study of that which had been written in the book of the law and in the prophets concerning the worship of the true God. The restoration of the temple enabled them to carry out fully the ritual services of the sanctuary. Under the leadership of Zerubbabel, of Ezra, and of Nehemiah they repeatedly covenanted to keep all the commandments and ordinances of Jehovah. The seasons of prosperity that followed gave ample evidence of God’s willingness to accept and forgive, and yet with fatal shortsightedness they turned again and again from their glorious destiny and selfishly appropriated to themselves that which would have brought healing and spiritual life to countless multitudes.
This failure to fulfill the divine purpose was very apparent in Malachi’s day. Sternly the Lord’s messenger dealt with the evils that were robbing Israel of temporal prosperity and spiritual power. In his rebuke against transgressors the prophet spared neither priests nor people. “The burden of the word of the Lord to Israel” through Malachi was that the lessons of the past be not forgotten and that the covenant made by Jehovah with the house of Israel be kept with fidelity. Only by heartfelt repentance could the blessing of God be realized. “I pray you,” the prophet pleaded, “beseech God that He will be gracious unto us.” Malachi 1:1, 9.
Not by any temporary failure of Israel, however, was the plan of the ages for the redemption of mankind to be frustrated. Those to whom the prophet was speaking might not heed the message given, but the purposes of Jehovah were nevertheless to move steadily forward to their complete fulfillment. “From the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the same,” the Lord declared through His messenger, “My name shall be great among the Gentiles; and in every place incense shall be offered unto My name, and a pure offering: for My name shall be great among the heathen.” Malachi 1:11.
The covenant of “life and peace” God had made with the sons of Levi—the covenant which, if kept, would have brought untold blessing—the Lord now offered to renew with those who once had been spiritual leaders, but who through transgression had become “contemptible and base before all the people.” Malachi 2:5, 9.
Solemnly evildoers were warned of the day of judgment to come and of Jehovah’s purpose to visit with swift destruction every transgressor. Yet none were left without hope; Malachi’s prophecies of judgment were accompanied by invitations to the impenitent to make their peace with God. “Return unto Me,” the Lord urged; “and I will return unto you.” Malachi 3:7.
It seems as if every heart must respond to such an invitation. The God of heaven is pleading with His erring children to return to Him, that they may again co-operate with Him in carrying forward His work in the earth. The Lord holds out His hand to take the hand of Israel and to help them to the narrow path of self-denial and self-sacrifice, to share with Him the heirship as sons of God. Will they be entreated? Will they discern their only hope?
How sad the record, that in Malachi’s day the Israelites hesitated to yield their proud hearts in prompt and loving obedience and hearty co-operation! Self-vindication is apparent in their response, “Wherein shall we return?”
The Lord reveals to His people one of their special sins. “Will a man rob God?” He asks. “Yet ye have robbed Me.” Still unconvicted of sin, the disobedient inquire, “Wherein have we robbed Thee?”
Definite indeed is the Lord’s answer: “In tithes and offerings. Ye are cursed with a curse: for ye have robbed Me, even this whole nation. Bring ye all the tithes into the store-house, that there may be meat in Mine house, and prove Me now herewith, saith the Lord of hosts, if I will not open you the windows of heaven, and pour you out a blessing, that there shall not be room enough to receive it. And I will rebuke the devourer for your sakes, and he shall not destroy the fruits of your ground; neither shall your vine cast her fruit before the time in the field, saith the Lord of hosts. And all nations shall call you blessed: for ye shall be a delightsome land, saith the Lord of hosts.” Verses 7-12.
God blesses the work of men’s hands, that they may return to Him His portion. He gives them the sunshine and the rain; He causes vegetation to flourish; He gives health and ability to acquire means. Every blessing comes from His bountiful hand, and He desires men and women to show their gratitude by returning Him a portion in tithes and offerings—in thank offerings, in freewill offerings, in trespass offerings. They are to devote their means to His service, that His vineyard may not remain a barren waste. They are to study what the Lord would do were He in their place. They are to take all difficult matters to Him in prayer. They are to reveal an unselfish interest in the building up of His work in all parts of the world.
Through messages such as those borne by Malachi, the last of the Old Testament prophets, as well as through oppression from heathen foes, the Israelites finally learned the lesson that true prosperity depends upon obedience to the law of God. But with many of the people, obedience was not the outflow of faith and love. Their motives were selfish. Outward service was rendered as a means of attaining to national greatness. The chosen people did not become the light of the world, but shut themselves away from the world as a safeguard against being seduced into idolatry. The restrictions which God had given, forbidding intermarriage between His people and the heathen, and prohibiting Israel from joining in the idolatrous practices of surrounding nations, were so perverted as to build up a wall of partition between the Israelites and all other peoples, thus shutting from others the very blessings which God had commissioned Israel to give to the world.
At the same time the Jews were, by their sins, separating themselves from God. They were unable to discern the deep spiritual significance of their symbolic service. In their self-righteousness they trusted to their own works, to the sacrifices and ordinances themselves, instead of relying upon the merits of Him to whom all these things pointed. Thus “going about to establish their own righteousness” (Romans 10:3), they built themselves up in a self-sufficient formalism. Wanting the Spirit and grace of God, they tried to make up for the lack by a rigorous observance of religious ceremonies and rites. Not content with the ordinances which God Himself had appointed, they encumbered the divine commands with countless exactions of their own devising. The greater their distance from God, the more rigorous they were in the observance of these forms.
With all these minute and burdensome exactions it was a practical impossibility for the people to keep the law. The great principles of righteousness set forth in the Decalogue, and the glorious truths shadowed in the symbolic service, were alike obscured, buried under a mass of human tradition and enactment. Those who were really desirous of serving God, and who tried to observe the whole law as enjoined by the priests and rulers, groaned under a heavy burden.
As a nation, the people of Israel, while desiring the advent of the Messiah, were so far separated from God in heart and life that they could have no true conception of the character or mission of the promised Redeemer. Instead of desiring redemption from sin, and the glory and peace of holiness, their hearts were fixed upon deliverance from their national foes, and restoration to worldly power. They looked for Messiah to come as a conqueror, to break every yoke, and exalt Israel to dominion over all nations. Thus Satan had succeeded in preparing the hearts of the people to reject the Saviour when He should appear. Their own pride of heart, and their false conceptions of His character and mission, would prevent them from honestly weighing the evidences of His Messiahship.
For more than a thousand years the Jewish people had waited the coming of the promised Saviour. Their brightest hopes had rested upon this event. For a thousand years, in song and prophecy, in temple rite and household prayer, His name had been enshrined; and yet when He came, they did not recognize Him as the Messiah for whom they had so long waited. “He came unto His own, and His own received Him not.” John 1:11. To their world-loving hearts the Beloved of heaven was “as a root out of a dry ground.” In their eyes He had “no form nor comeliness;” they discerned in Him no beauty that they should desire Him. Isaiah 53:2.
The whole life of Jesus of Nazareth among the Jewish people was a reproof to their selfishness, as revealed in their unwillingness to recognize the just claims of the Owner of the vineyard over which they had been placed as husbandmen. They hated His example of truthfulness and piety; and when the final test came, the test which meant obedience unto eternal life or disobedience unto eternal death, they rejected the Holy One of Israel and became responsible for His crucifixion on Calvary’s cross.
In the parable of the vineyard, Christ near the close of His earthly ministry called the attention of the Jewish teachers to the rich blessings bestowed upon Israel, and in these showed God’s claim to their obedience. Plainly He set before them the glory of God’s purpose, which through obedience they might have fulfilled. Withdrawing the veil from the future, He showed how, by failure to fulfill His purpose, the whole nation was forfeiting His blessing and bringing ruin upon itself.
“There was a certain householder,” Christ said, “which planted a vineyard, and hedged it round about, and digged a wine press in it, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country.” Matthew 21:33.
Thus the Saviour referred to “the vineyard of the Lord of hosts,” which the prophet Isaiah centuries before had declared to be “the house of Israel.” Isaiah 5:7.
“And when the time of the fruit drew near,” Christ continued, the owner of the vineyard “sent his servants to the husbandmen, that they might receive the fruits of it. And the husbandmen took his servants, and beat one, and killed another, and stoned another. Again, he sent other servants more than the first: and they did unto them likewise. But last of all he sent unto them his son, saying, They will reverence my son. But when the husbandmen saw the son, they said among themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him, and let us seize on his inheritance. And they caught him, and cast him out of the vineyard, and slew him.”
Having portrayed before the priests their crowning act of wickedness, Christ now put to them the question, “When the lord therefore of the vineyard cometh, what will he do unto those husbandmen?” The priests had been following the narrative with deep interest; and without considering the relation of the subject to themselves, they joined with the people in answering, “He will miserably destroy those wicked men, and will let out his vineyard unto other husbandmen, which shall render him the fruits in their seasons.”
Unwittingly they had pronounced their own doom. Jesus looked upon them, and under His searching gaze they knew that He read the secrets of their hearts. His divinity flashed out before them with unmistakable power. They saw in the husbandmen a picture of themselves, and they involuntarily exclaimed, “God forbid!”
Solemnly and regretfully Christ asked: “Did ye never read in the Scriptures, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner: this is the Lord’s doing, and it is marvelous in our eyes? Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof. And whosoever shall fall on this stone shall be broken: but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder.” Matthew 21:34-44.
Christ would have averted the doom of the Jewish nation if the people had received Him. But envy and jealousy made them implacable. They determined that they would not receive Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah. They rejected the Light of the world, and henceforth their lives were surrounded with darkness as the darkness of midnight. The doom foretold came upon the Jewish nation. Their own fierce passions, uncontrolled, wrought their ruin. In their blind rage they destroyed one another. Their rebellious, stubborn pride brought upon them the wrath of their Roman conquerors. Jerusalem was destroyed, the temple laid in ruins, and its site plowed like a field. The children of Judah perished by the most horrible forms of death. Millions were sold to serve as bondmen in heathen lands.
That which God purposed to do for the world through Israel, the chosen nation, He will finally accomplish through His church on earth today. He has “let out His vineyard unto other husbandmen,” even to His covenant-keeping people, who faithfully “render Him the fruits in their seasons.” Never has the Lord been without true representatives on this earth who have made His interests their own. These witnesses for God are numbered among the spiritual Israel, and to them will be fulfilled all the covenant promises made by Jehovah to His ancient people.
Today the church of God is free to carry forward to completion the divine plan for the salvation of a lost race. For many centuries God’s people suffered a restriction of their liberties. The preaching of the gospel in its purity was prohibited, and the severest of penalties were visited upon those who dared disobey the mandates of men. As a consequence, the Lord’s great moral vineyard was almost wholly unoccupied. The people were deprived of the light of God’s word. The darkness of error and superstition threatened to blot out a knowledge of true religion. God’s church on earth was as verily in captivity during this long period of relentless persecution as were the children of Israel held captive in Babylon during the period of the exile.
But, thank God, His church is no longer in bondage. To spiritual Israel have been restored the privileges accorded the people of God at the time of their deliverance from Babylon. In every part of the earth, men and women are responding to the Heaven-sent message which John the revelator prophesied would be proclaimed prior to the second coming of Christ: “Fear God, and give glory to Him; for the hour of His judgment is come.” Revelation 14:7.
No longer have the hosts of evil power to keep the church captive; for “Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city,” which hath “made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication;” and to spiritual Israel is given the message, “Come out of her, My people, that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye receive not of her plagues.” Verse 8; 18:4. As the captive exiles heeded the message, “Flee out of the midst of Babylon” (Jeremiah 51:6), and were restored to the Land of Promise, so those who fear God today are heeding the message to withdraw from spiritual Babylon, and soon they are to stand as trophies of divine grace in the earth made new, the heavenly Canaan.
In Malachi’s day the mocking inquiry of the impenitent, “Where is the God of judgment?” met with the solemn response: “The Lord ... shall suddenly come to His temple, even the Messenger of the covenant.... But who may abide the day of His coming? and who shall stand when He appeareth? for He is like a refiner’s fire, and like fullers’ soap: and He shall sit as a refiner and purifier of silver: and He shall purify the sons of Levi, and purge them as gold and silver, that they may offer unto the Lord an offering in righteousness. Then shall the offering of Judah and Jerusalem be pleasant unto the Lord, as in the days of old, and as in former years.” Malachi 2:17; 3:1-4.
When the promised Messiah was about to appear, the message of the forerunner of Christ was: Repent, publicans and sinners; repent, Pharisees and Sadducees; “for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.” Matthew 3:2.
Today, in the spirit and power of Elias and of John the Baptist, messengers of God’s appointment are calling the attention of a judgment-bound world to the solemn events soon to take place in connection with the closing hours of probation and the appearance of Christ Jesus as King of kings and Lord of lords. Soon every man is to be judged for the deeds done in the body. The hour of God’s judgment has come, and upon the members of His church on earth rests the solemn responsibility of giving warning to those who are standing as it were on the very brink of eternal ruin. To every human being in the wide world who will give heed must be made plain the principles at stake in the great controversy being waged, principles upon which hang the destinies of all mankind.
In these final hours of probation for the sons of men, when the fate of every soul is so soon to be decided forever, the Lord of heaven and earth expects His church to arouse to action as never before. Those who have been made free in Christ through a knowledge of precious truth, are regarded by the Lord Jesus as His chosen ones, favored above all other people on the face of the earth; and He is counting on them to show forth the praises of Him who hath called them out of darkness into marvelous light. The blessings which are so liberally bestowed are to be communicated to others. The good news of salvation is to go to every nation, kindred, tongue, and people.
In the visions of the prophets of old the Lord of glory was represented as bestowing special light upon His church in the days of darkness and unbelief preceding His second coming. As the Sun of Righteousness, He was to arise upon His church, “with healing in His wings.” Malachi 4:2. And from every true disciple was to be diffused an influence for life, courage, helpfulness, and true healing.
The coming of Christ will take place in the darkest period of this earth’s history. The days of Noah and of Lot picture the condition of the world just before the coming of the Son of man. The Scriptures, pointing forward to this time, declare that Satan will work with all power and “with all deceivableness of unrighteousness.” 2 Thessalonians 2:9, 10. His working is plainly revealed by the rapidly increasing darkness, the multitudinous errors, heresies, and delusions of these last days. Not only is Satan leading the world captive, but his deceptions are leavening the professed churches of our Lord Jesus Christ. The great apostasy will develop into darkness deep as midnight. To God’s people it will be a night of trial, a night of weeping, a night of persecution for the truth’s sake. But out of that night of darkness God’s light will shine.
He causes “the light to shine out of darkness.” 2 Corinthians 4:6. When “the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep,” “the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.” Genesis 1:2, 3. So in the night of spiritual darkness, God’s word goes forth, “Let there be light.” To His people He says, “Arise, shine; for thy light is come, and the glory of the Lord is risen upon thee.” Isaiah 60:1.
“Behold,” says the Scripture, “the darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the people: but the Lord shall arise upon thee, and His glory shall be seen upon thee.” Verse 2. Christ, the outshining of the Father’s glory, came to the world as its light. He came to represent God to men, and of Him it is written that He was anointed “with the Holy Ghost and with power,” and “went about doing good.” Acts 10:38. In the synagogue at Nazareth He said, “The Spirit of the Lord is upon Me, because He hath anointed Me to preach the gospel to the poor; He hath sent Me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised, to preach the acceptable year of the Lord.” Luke 4:18, 19. This was the work He commissioned His disciples to do. “Ye are the light of the world,” He said. “Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven.” Matthew 5:14, 16.
This is the work which the prophet Isaiah describes when he says: “Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, and that thou bring the poor that are cast out to thy house? when thou seest the naked, that thou cover him; and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh? Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thine health shall spring forth speedily: and thy righteousness shall go before thee; the glory of the Lord shall be thy rearward.” Isaiah 58:7, 8.
Thus in the night of spiritual darkness God’s glory is to shine forth through His church in lifting up the bowed down and comforting those that mourn.
All around us are heard the wails of a world’s sorrow. On every hand are the needy and distressed. It is ours to aid in relieving and softening life’s hardships and misery. The wants of the soul only the love of Christ can satisfy. If Christ is abiding in us, our hearts will be full of divine sympathy. The sealed fountains of earnest, Christlike love will be unsealed.
There are many from whom hope has departed. Bring back the sunshine to them. Many have lost their courage. Speak to them words of cheer. Pray for them. There are those who need the bread of life. Read to them from the word of God. Upon many is a soul sickness which no earthly balm can reach nor physician heal. Pray for these souls. Bring them to Jesus. Tell them that there is a balm in Gilead and a Physician there.
Light is a blessing, a universal blessing, pouring forth its treasures on a world unthankful, unholy, demoralized. So it is with the light of the Sun of Righteousness. The whole earth, wrapped as it is in the darkness of sin and sorrow and pain, is to be lighted with the knowledge of God’s love. From no sect, rank, or class of people is the light shining from heaven’s throne to be excluded.
The message of hope and mercy is to be carried to the ends of the earth. Whosoever will, may reach forth and take hold of God’s strength and make peace with Him, and he shall make peace. No longer are the heathen to be wrapped in midnight darkness. The gloom is to disappear before the bright beams of the Sun of Righteousness.
Christ has made every provision that His church shall be a transformed body, illumined with the Light of the world, possessing the glory of Immanuel. It is His purpose that every Christian shall be surrounded with a spiritual atmosphere of light and peace. He desires that we shall reveal His own joy in our lives.
“Arise, shine; for thy light is come, and the glory of the Lord is risen upon thee.” Isaiah 60:1. Christ is coming with power and great glory. He is coming with His own glory and with the glory of the Father. And the holy angels will attend Him on His way. While all the world is plunged in darkness, there will be light in every dwelling of the saints. They will catch the first light of His second appearing. The unsullied light will shine from His splendor, and Christ the Redeemer will be admired by all who have served Him. While the wicked flee, Christ’s followers will rejoice in His presence.
Then it is that the redeemed from among men will receive their promised inheritance. Thus God’s purpose for Israel will meet with literal fulfillment. That which God purposes, man is powerless to disannul. Even amid the working of evil, God’s purposes have been moving steadily forward to their accomplishment. It was thus with the house of Israel throughout the history of the divided monarchy; it is thus with spiritual Israel today.
The seer of Patmos, looking down through the ages to the time of this restoration of Israel in the earth made new, testified:
“I beheld, and lo, a great multitude, which no man could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands; and cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God which sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb.
“And all the angels stood round about the throne, and about the elders and the four beasts [“living creatures,” R.V.], and fell before the throne on their faces, and worshiped God, saying, Amen: Blessing, and glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and honor, and power, and might, be unto our God forever and ever.”
“And I heard as it were the voice of a great multitude, and as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of mighty thunderings, saying, Alleluia: for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth. Let us be glad and rejoice, and give honor to Him.” “He is Lord of lords, and King of kings: and they that are with Him are called, and chosen, and faithful.” Revelation 7:9-12; 19:6, 7; Revelation 17:14.

Tuesday, April 4, 2017

Masalah Jaringan Komputer dan Solusinya

MASALAH JARINGAN

7:57:00 AM

Masalah jaringan bisa menyebabkan gangguan pada aplikasi jaringan dan gangguan pada kesinambungan bisnis. Skala gangguan ini bisa bervariasi, tergantung pada sumber gangguan dan dampak yang ditimbulkan pada jaringan infrastruktur anda. Masalah jaringan bisa meyebabkan downtime (lambatnya waktu akses). Downtime ini bisa bervariasi tergantung seberapa bagus anda merencanakan contingensi planning. Managemen yang bagus pada dokumentasi sistem jaringan, dapat membantu meminimalkan downtime dan memudahkan anda dalam troubelshooting masalah jaringan.
Ada banyak jenis masalah jaringan yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada sebuah komputer, jaringan lokal, sampai gangguan pada koneksi jaringan global bisnis dalam corporate anda.

1. Masalah jaringan karena kegagalan kabel jaringan

Kita sering menemukan masalah berkaitan dengan jaringan yang berakibat pada menurunnnya kinerja sebuah komputer. Salah satu penyebab yang umum terjadi adalah terputusnya sebuah jaringan akibat kabel antara switch (uplink cable)yang rusak.

Masalah jaringan yang berdampak pada sebuah komputer mungkin bukan masalah bsesar akan tetapi jika dampaknya memengaruhi satu blok gedung hingga jaringan lain hal ini tentu sangat merepotkan apalagi jika momputer tersebut merupakan komputer basis data masalah jaringan yang berdampak pada jaringan lan anda secara keseluruhan atau bahklan berdampak secara global dalam bisnis corporate tentu bisa membuat keringat dingin anda keluar deras.

Dalam sistem infrastruktur jaringan yang bersekala besar sistem redudansi haruslah diterapkan sehingga jika terjadi kegagalan dalam sati jalur jaringan ia tidak akan menyebabkan kegagalan jaringan dalam waktu yang lama dalam jaringan multi switch yang kompleks, spanning tree protocol (STP) haruslah di enable dan di tuning secara manual. STP adalah suatu service yang memungkinkan jaringan switch -2 dan bridge -2 lan anda terkoneksi satu sama lain secara redundan dengan suatu mekanisme yang bisa mencegah bridging loops. Bridging loop adalah paket data yang berputar-putar dalam jarungan untuk mencari alamat bridging loop ini bisa menyebabkan traffic jaringan anda macet atau disebut broadcast storm.

2. Masalah ajringan karena kegagalan piranti jaringan

Skala gannguan akibat kegagalan piranti jaringan juga bisa bervariasi mulai dari gangguan pada sebuah komputer karena kegagalan NIC -LAN card beberapa komputer karena kegagalan switch atau bahkan pada skala luas karena kegagalan switch sentral yang menghubungkan jaringan server untuk kegagalan lan card di salah satu kompuyter jaringan bisa diperbaiki dengan mengganti network card (lan card) anda.

Lalu bagaimana jika kegagalan jaringan itu merupakan akibat dari keruksakan pada switch ? design anda mengenai redudansi jaringan akan sangat membantu dalam menyelamatkan kegagalan jaringan anda. Kebutuhan load balancing dan redudansi harus lah dikaji untuk setiap kebutuahan berdasarkan pengguanaan link redudansi piranti router switch dan multi homed host yang bersifat kritis. Tujuan dari sistem redudansi ini dimaksudkan untruk menjamin ketersediaan layanan dengan ada satu pun titik yang rawan kegagalan.

Mari kita perhatikan bagan sistem redudansi pada gambar 2.1 perhatikan redudansi switch jika terjadi masalah dikarenakan kegagalan pada switch a switch b masih bisa berfungsi untuk menyuplai link ke server serta kedua distribusi switch dan link ke wan. Jenis masalah jaringan ini tidak akan memengaruhi kinerja sistem server hingga menurun(down).

Redudansi router akan membuat backup link WAN saat terjadi masalah pada salah satu router. Misalnya salah satu router yang menghubungkan jaringan frame relay anda ke jaringan lainnya mengalami masalaha maka anda tidak perlu panik karena masih ada back up link di router satunya. Redudansi link akan membackup link jika ada masalah jaringan akibat terputusnya link ke server atau ke switch.

Kita bisa mengaplikasikan sistem redudansi ini untuk menghubungkan kedua ruang a dan b dengan menarik dua kabel UTP cat5e bawah tanah sebagai link redudansi. Pastikan bahwa kedua kabel redudansi ini tidak terhubung ke switch yang sama karena kalau terjadi kegagalan pada switch maka akan percuma juga.

3. Masalah jaringan karena kegagalan sistem

Walaupun kegagalan sistem bukanlah akibat dari kegagalan insfrastruktur jaringan tetap saja user anda akan menelpon anda dengan pertanyaan “ halo agus … apa ada masalah jaringan? Saya tidak bisa mengakses email saya …” atau sebuah pertanyaan “saya tidak bisa akses internet…” atu bahkan pertanyaan seorang operator radio” halo agus … saya kok tidak bisa akses foldernya presdir ya…kenapa?”

Kegagalan sistem bisa saja terjadi karena ada masalah dengan DHCP server anda sehingga client tidak menerima IP address. Bisa juga karena ada masalah dengan sistem directory services anda, sehingga client tidak bisa logon kejaringan. Selain itu, bisa juga karena ada masalah dengan register nama pada sistem dns anda.

4. Kesalahan jaringan karena ledakan virus

Jenis masalah jaringan yang satu ini terjadi bukan karena kegagalan insfrastruktur jaringan fisik, akan tetapi sistem jaringan anda kebanjiran traffic sebagai pengaruh dari virus yang menyerang sistem server dan menulari semua komputer dalam jaringan anda.

Kinerja dari sistem jaringan anda akan menjadi sangat lambat, bahkan boleh dibilang ambruk. Apa yang bisa anda lakukan dengan serangan virus ini ialah menerapkan best practice security policy, pertahanan sistem yang kebal.

Dari segala macam masalaha jaringan anda sebagai network dan sistem administrator haruslah bisa menyelesaikan masalah masalah. Tidak peduli apakah masalah tersebut meruakan kegagalan piranti jaringan anda, masalah sistem komputer anda, ataupun intruder yang menyerang sistem insfrastruktur anda. Suatu design jaringan redudansi yang bagus dan sistem manajemen yang bagus merupakan suatu keharusan dalam skala jaringan yang bersifat luas dan kompleks.

Komputer terhubung dengan jaringan luas sering mengalami gangguan atau keruksakan baik dari sisi hardware maupun software. Hal ini disebabkan oleh banyaknya pengguna frekuensi atau gelombang 2,4 Mhz gejala alam dan komputer yang terhubung dalam sistem jaringan berbasis luas (wireles) atau WAN. Faktor-faktor yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya keruksakan antara lain sebagai berikut.

a. Tegangan listrik

Tegangan listrik dapat menyebabkan gangguan apabila tegangan yang dihasilkan tidak stabil sering terjadi naik dan turun atau mati mendadak dari sumber PLN hal tersebut sangat berpengaruh karena semua peralatan yang kita gunakan bersumber pada listrik sumber listrik yang tidak baik atau tidak stabil dapat menyebabkan peralatan yang kita gunakan mudah rusak. Perangkat wireles yang sering mati mendadak karena sumber listrik mati dapa menyebabkan perangkat wireles yang kita gunakan cepat rusak. Keruksakan-keruksakan tersebut jika berpengaruh pada wireles/ radio workstation maupun di router server tentu akan memengaruhi jaringan.

b. Gangguan alam

Mati atau tidak berfungsi nya komponen pad perangkat wireles disebabkan oleh gangguan alam misalnya petir dan angin kencang pada saaat cuaca hujan dapat menyebabkan perangkat rusak karena terbakar atau berkarat.

c. Perangkat software

Gangguan juga dapa terjadi software yang ada di server atau pc client. Gangguan ini bisa disebabkan oleh tidak jalannya aplikasi di wireles konflik ip (internet protocol) tidak jalannya proses proxy server pada server dan masih banyak lagi jenis gangguan software lainnya solusinya ialah administrator harus menguasai standar server dan client.

Satu lagi yang penting tanpa kemampuan untuk memonitor jaringan administrator hanya da[pat bereaksi terhadap masalah ketika gangguan muncul bukan pada pencegahan masalah supaya tidak terjadi menjalankan dan emmelihara fungsi suatu jaringan bisa menjadi mimfi buruk jika anda tidak mengetahui mana yang bekerja dengan baikdan mana yang tidak terutama jika jaringan tersebar lebih dari ratusan kilometer persegi dimana beberapa perangkat hampir tidak mungkin diakses misalnya pc yang diletakan di berbagai sentral telepon otomat (STO/ local Exchange), sentral trunk (trunk Exchange) dan banyak siote repeater yang tersebar di berbagai kota.

Judul: MASALAH JARINGAN; Ditulis oleh Kumpulan Materi KomputerNasahaki Agomes; Rating Blog: 5 dari 5

Posted In Mendiagnosis Permasalahan Perangkat jaringan Berbasis Luas (WAN) | 0 comments | edit

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MASALAH JARINGAN

Posted by Nasahaki Agomes

1. Masalah jaringan karena kegagalan kabel jaringan

2. Masalah ajringan karena kegagalan piranti jaringan

3. Masalah jaringan karena kegagalan sistem

4. Kesalahan jaringan karena ledakan virus

a. Tegangan listrik

b. Gangguan alam

c. Perangkat software

Sumber: http://nasahaki-komputer.blogspot.co.id/2012/09/masalah-jaringan.html

Masalah yang sering terjadi pada Jaringan Komputer

oleh Installator | 27 Mei, 2014 | Networking, Tips and Trick | 1 Komentar

Mungkin anda sering menggunakan jaringan komputer baik di rumah maupun di tempat umum seperti warnet, sekolah, kampus dan sebagainya. Dalam penggunaan jaringan komputer, sering kali terjadi masalah yang menjengkelkan, misalnya internet lelet, tidak bisa konek, dll. Masalah seperti ini sering terjadi pada sebuah jaringan komputer. Dan berikut adalah masalah-masalah yang sering terjadi pada sebuah jaringan komputer :

Komponen Jaringan Tidak Berfungsi atau Mati

Mati atau tidak berfungsinya komponen jaringan disebabkan oleh kurangnya perawatan sehingga mengakibatkan berkarat dan rusak. Ruang yang lembab dan pemakaian yang sudah terlalu lama tanpa ada perawatan secara berkala menjadi penyebab utama terjadinya kerusakan pada komponen jaringan. Dalam sistem jaringan LAN sering kita sebut masalah yang menyebabkan seluruh atau sebagian jaringan terganggu dengan sebutan jaringan dalam kondisi down. Down dalam jaringan bisa kita artikan bahwa kinerja jaringan sedang turun atau tidak bekerja secara maksimal. Down dapat meyebabkan komunikasi dalam jaringan menjadi lambat atau tidak bekerja sama sekali. Kondisi tersebut yang perlu ditangani sehingga jaringan dapat bekerja dengan baik dan kembali normal. Istilah Down dalam jaringan komputer LAN berbeda dengan Down pada jaringan Warnet. Down pada jaringan LAN disebabkan system dalam jaringan LAN tersbut terganngu atau karena tidak berfungsinya komponen dalam jaringan LAN tersebut. sedangkan Down pada jaringan Warnet disebabkan oleh banyak faktor diantaranya, pengaruh dari jaringan LAN yang ada dalam warnet, dari Provider yang mengalami gangguan dan bisa juga dari line telpon yang penuh sehingga menyebabkan akses ke internet tidak dapat dilakukan

Kerusakan Pada Kabel dan Konektor Jaringan

Kabel dan konektor merupakan media penghubung yang sangat penting dalam jaringan komputer, sebuah jaringan tidak akan bisa berjalan tanpa adanya kabel dan konektor. Kabel dan konektor dibutuhkan untuk menghubungkan antara komputer dengan komputer lain atau dengan peralatan lain yang digunakan untuk membentuk jaringan. Jika terjadi kerusakan pada kabel dan konektor jaringan yang disebabkan oleh suatu hal, solusinya lihat dahulu apakah kabel yang anda gunakan itu benar-benar rusak dan tidak bias digunakan lagi atau masih bisa digunakan, jika tidak bisa digunakan lagi maka anda perlu menggantinya dengan kabel dan konektor yang baru. atau jika yang rusak itu hanya pada konektornya namun kabelnya masih dapat digunakan anda hanya perlu memgganti konektornya saja.

Gangguan Pada Switch

Switch merupakan terminal atau pembagi signal data bagi kartu jaringan. Jika Switch mengalami kerusakan maka seluruh jaringan tidak dapat berfungsi untuk berkomunikasi antar klien dengan klien maupun klien dengan server. Apabila terjadi kerusakan pada Switch dapat dilihat pada lampu indikator power dan lampu indikator untuk masing masing workstation. Apabila lampu indikator power Switch mati kemungkinan besar terjadi kerusakan pada Switch.

Lambatnya Koneksi Internet

Dalam suatu jaringan yang sangat besar, membuat kinerja yang efisien merupakan suatu keharusan. Jika design infrastruktur jaringan tidak efisien, maka aplikasi atau akses ke resource jaringan pun menjadi tidak efisien dan terasa sangat lambat. Performa jaringan yang sangat lambat biasanya disebabkan oleh congestion jaringan (banjir paket pada jaringan), dimana traffic data melebihi dari kapasitas bandwidth yang ada sekarang. Koneksi wireless melemah ataupun tidak memberikan hasil yang maksimal dapat diakibatkan karena peranggkat access point yang bermasalah ataupun instalasi wireless yang bermasalah.

Kerusakan Jaringan Karena Serangan Virus

Jika jaringan anda terinfeksi virus trojan yang menyebabkan system anda dibanjiri oleh program-program berbahaya, maka jaringan akan mengalami suatu congestion yang mengarah pada kelambatan system jaringan anda, dan terkadang bisa menghentikan layanan jaringan. Untuk mencegah serang virus, anda perlu menggunakan proteksi jaringan yang sangat kuat untuk melindungi dari serangan Trojan dan berbagai macam serangan lainnya. Software anti virus yang di install terpusat pada server anti-virus yang bisa mendistribusikan data signature secara automatis kepada client agar bisa memberikan peringatan kepada client.

Demikian beberapa masalah yang sering terjadi pada sebuah jaringan komputer yang dapat saya uraikan. Itu hanya sebagian kecil kerusakan atau masalah yang bisa terjadi pada jaringan komputer, masih banyak lagi serangan yang dapat terjadi sewaktu waktu. untuk mengantisipasi serangan – serangan tersebut perlu keamanan yang kuat.

Sumber: https://instalasi-jaringan.com/masalah-yang-sering-terjadi-pada-jaringan-komputer/

Masalah Jaringan Komputer dan Solusinya

Masalah jaringan komputer ada banyak jenis yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada sebuah komputer, gangguan jaringan local, sampai gangguan pada koneksi jaringan global.

1. Masalah jaringan karena kegagalan kabel jaringan
Yang ini merupakan masalah jaringan yang umum kita temui akibat putusnya kabel jaringan yang bisa mempengaruhi kinerja sebuah komputer dalam jaringan karena putusnya kabel patch anda karena digigit tikus; masalah jaringan yang berdampak pada satu blok gedung karena putusnya kabel antar switch (uplink cable); atau bahkan berdampak pada sebagian besar komputer dalam jaringan lan anda karena kegagalanbackbone cable.

2.Kerusakan pada Kabel dan konektor Jaringan

Kabel dan konektor merupakan media penghubung antara komputer dengan komputer lain atau dengan peralatan lain yang digunakan untuk membentuk jaringan. Kabel dan konektor untuk membuat jaringan LAN yang banyak digunakan ada 3 jenis yaitu:

Ø Jenis kabel serat optik menggunakan konektor SC dan ST.

Gangguan atau kerusakan pada kabel dan konektor jenis serat optik sangat jarang, tetapi memerlukan penanganan secara khusus untuk perawatan jaringan

Ø Jenis Kabel UTP dengan konekor RJ45.

Gangguan atau kerusakan pada kabel jenis ini adalah konektor yang tidak terpasang dengan baik (longgar), susunan pengkabelan yang salah dan kabel putus. Indikasi yang dapat dilihat adalah lampu indikator yang tidak hidup pada kartu jaringan atau pada Hub/switch. Jaringan menggunakan kabel UTP kesalahan yang muncul relatif sedikit, karena jaringan terpasang menggunakan topologi star, workstation terpasang secara paralel dengan menggunakan swicth/hub. Sehingga yang terjadi gangguan hanya pada workstation yang kabelnya mengalami gangguan saja

Ø Jenis kabel Coaxial dengan konektor BNC.

Kabel jenis coaxial memiliki akses yang cukup lambat bila dibandingkan jenis kabel lainnya dan sering terjadi gangguan karena konektor yang longgar (tidak konek), kabel short dan kabel terbuka resistor pada terminating conector. Short pada pemasangan kabel dengan plug konektor ini menyebabkan system jaringan akan down dan komunikasi antar komputer berhenti.

Jika terjadi kerusakan pada kabel dan konektor jaringan yang disebabkan oleh suatu hal, solusinya kita lihat dahulu apakah kabel yang kita gunakan itu benar-benar tidak bias digunakan lagi atau masih bisa, jika tidak kita perlu menggantinya dengan kabel dan konektor yang baru.atau jika yang rusak itu hanya pada konektornya namun kabelnya masih dapat digunakan kita hanya perlu memgganti konektornya saja.

3. Masalah jaringan karena kegagalan piranti jaringan

4.Gangguan atau Kerusakan pada Hub/switch

Hub/switch merupakan terminal atau pembagi signal data bagi kartu jaringan (Network Card). Jika Hub mengalami kerusakan berarti seluruh jaringan juga tidak dapat berfungsi untuk berkomunikasi antar workstation atau komputer workstation dengan server. Apabila terjadi kerusakan pada Hub dapat dilihat pada lampu indikator power dan lampu indikator untuk masing masing workstation. Apabila lampu indikator power Hub/switch mati berarti kemungkinan besar Hub tersebut rusak. Jika ada lampu indikator workstation yang tidak menyala menyatakan bahwa komputer workstation sedang tidak aktif (tidak hidup) atau ada gangguan pada komputer workstation tersebut.

Jika terjadi kerusakan pada HUB maka pertama kita harus mengecek apakah HUB yang kita gunakan memang sudah rusak atau hanya mengalami gangguan saja,namun jika HUB yang kita gunakan memang benar-benar pasitif rusak maka kita perlu menggantinya dengan HUB yang baru atau dapat diperbaiki ditempat service khusus.namun saran kami lebih baik mengganti dengan yang baru selain kwalitasnya yang lebih bagus biasanya biaya memperbaiki hampir sama dengan biaya membeli baru.

5. Masalah jaringan karena kegagalan system

Kegagalan system bisa saja karena ada masalah dengan DHCP server anda sehingga clients tidak menerima IP address. Atau bisa saja karena ada masalah dengan system Directory Services anda sehingga clients tidak bisa logon ke jaringan.Atau bisa saja karena ada masalah dengan register nama pada system DNS anda.

6.Tidak bisa sharing data

Hal ini sering terjadi dikarenakan sharing pada computer masih di disable jadi kita harus mengaktifkan dengan

Jadi klik pada Lalu pilih lalu ceklist lalu apply

Selain itu mungkin sedang terjadi hang pada computer dan yang harus ditempuh adalah merestar komputer.

Hal ini juga sering terjadi karena IP yang kita gunakan salah atau sama dengan IP komputer lainnya. Ganti dengan IP yang beda.

7. Masalah jaringan karena ledakan virus

8. Masalah Koneksi putus-putus
Penyebab : Kualitas Jaringan telepon menurun, suara telepon kemrosok atau ada dengung
Solusi : - Cek perkabelan rumah (dari KTB sampai Modem)
- Jika masih coba lapor ke kantor TELKOM terdekat

9. Masalah Koneksi Lambat
Penyebab : Banyaknya PC yang disharing.
Aktifitas Client-client PC yang Download atau Upload Malware (Virus, Trojan, Spyware) yang menghabiskan Bandwidth anda Kondisi PC yang Memang Lambat
Solusi : Gunakan Bandwidth management Gunakan antivirus atau anti Spyware

10. Masalahnya terdapat pada Network Connection, dimana nomer IP, Gateway dllnya nge-blank, padahal sudah di setting manual, Status jaringan connected dan masih bisa mengakses data jaringan via IPX/SPX/NetBIOS, tapi nomer IP nya tidak dapat maka akses internet tetap mati.
Solusi :
Error 1068: The dependency service or group failed to start. DHCP Client Service padaWindows XP tergantung pada tiga komponen berikut: * AFD * NetBios over Tcpip * TCP/IP Protocol Driver Jika salah satu dari driver diatas gagal jalan, maka DHCP ClientService akan gagal jalan / not start.
Langkah I - Pastikan bahwa ketiga file driver diatas ada pada tempatnya Buka Windows Explorer arahkan ke folder %Windir%System32Drivers. Pastikan file-file dibawah ini ada di folder tersebut: * afd.sys * tcpip.sys * netbt.sys
Jika satu atau beberapa dari file-file diatas hilang tidak ada, extrakkan dari Windows XP CD-ROM atau dari folder ServicePackFilesi386. ---> Yang saya lakukan adalah mengkopikan dari komputer lain yang Windows XP-nya masih OK.
Langkah II - Direstart Simple TCP/IP dah jalan normal dan sambungan internet.

11. Masalah Koneksi lambat
Solusi: Menambah Kecepatan Koneksi Internet Menambah kecepatan akses internet sangat diinginkan para pengguna internet. Ada banyak cara digunakan untuk menambah kecepatan akses koneksi internet, dari cara simpel menonaktifkan loading gambar pada browser hingga penggunaan software tertentu.

12. Komputer tidak terdeteksi oleh komputer lain

Hal ini sering terjadi dikarenakan alamat digunakan dan IP yang kosong. Lalu ganti IP address sehingga bisa terdeteksi oleh komputer lain. Selain itu kita jug abis mengecek apakah komputet kita bisa terkoneksi dengan komputer orang lain lalu ketik pingàRun àcaranya adalah Klik start <> -t. misalnya ping 192.168.0.89. Nanti akan muncul balasan Jika Reply From . . . . . . berarti komputer kita sudah terkoneksi dengan baik jika muncul Request Time Out maka komputer kita tidak bisa terkoneksi dengan komputer lain.

sumber : http://ilmuterlaris.blogspot.com

Sumber: https://www.netsprogram.com/tipsdetail-52-masalah-jaringan-komputer-dan-solusinya.html

6 Masalah Yang Sering Terjadi pada Jaringan LAN

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Dalam pengimplementasian dan juga pembentukan sebuah jaringan LAN, maka bukan tidak mungkin akan terjadi beberapa macam masalah yang akan muncul nantinya. Kebanyakan masalah itu berasal dari kondisi hardware atau perangkat keras jaringan komputer yang digunakan.
Dari jenis-jenis jaringan komputer yang ada, jaringan LAN lebih banyak digunakan orang dibanding jaringan MAN dan WAN. Mengapa? sebab jaringan LAN merupakan jaringan yang fleksibel dan efektif untuk beberapa user dengan keperluan menengah. Namun tidak sedikit perusahaan kecil yang memang menggunakan jaringan LAN bukan dengan jaringan WAN disamping itu harga yang dikeluarkan juga lebih rendah.
Apa saja masalah yang sering terjadi pada sebuah jaringan LAN? Apa penyebabnya? Bagaimana mengatasinya? Berikut ini adalah masalah yang sering terjadi pada jaringan LAN, penyebab dan juga cara mengatasinya:

1. Kerusakan pada Kabel dan Konektor Jaringan

Masalah pertama yang sering terjadi pada jaringan LAN adalah jaringan LAN yang tidak dapat bekerja dengan baik dan juga optimal, yang disebabkan gangguan dan kerusakan pada kabel dan juga konektor jaringan.
Masalah pada kabel dan juga konektor sebenarnya merupakan masalah yang cenderung simple dan jga sederhana. Akan tetapi hal ini malah akan menyebabkan jaringan LAN menjadi tidak bekerja dengan baik, apalagi jaringan LAN yang menggunakan topologi ring ataupun topologi bus.
Bagaimana mendeteksi kerusakan pada kabel dan konektor jaringan?
Untuk dapat mendeteksi kerusakan pada kabel dan juga konektor jaringan, yang harus dilakukan pertama kali adalah dengan cara melakukan pengecekan dengan menggunakan LAN tester. Dengan menggunakan LAN tester, maka kita akan dapat mengetahui apakah kerusakan memang berasal dari kabel atau bukan.
Mengapa kabel bisa mengalami kerusakan?
Ada banyak hal yang dapat membuat kabel jaringan mengalmai kerusakan. Berikut ini adalah beberapa hal yang dapat menyebabkan kabel jarina mengalami kerusakan:

Kabel yang terjepit
Kabel yang digigit oleh hewan pengerat
Kondisi kabel yang sudah tidak baik kualitasnya
Konektor yang telepas
Kesalahan pada saat menyusun kabel

Bagaimana mengatasi kabel yang rusak?
Cara paling mudah dan juga simple untuk mengatasi hal ini adalah dengan cara mengganti kabel yang megalami kerusakan, sehingga bisa bekerja dengan lebih optimal lagi. Untuk itu user maupun teknisi perlu tau apa saja jenis-jenis kabel jaringan komputer agar penggunaannya tepat dengan jaringan yang digunakan sehingga tidak perlu merasakan kerusakan untuk kesekian kalinya.

2. Kerusakan pada HUB dan Swtch

Pada sebuah jaringan LAN, hub dan juga switch merupakan perangkat keras jaringan yang paling penting. HUB dan juga switch dapat membantu memecah jaringan menjadi beberapa kanal dan menghubungkan setiap komputer client dengan server. Kerusakan pada switch ataupun hub tentu saja akan menyebabkan keseluruhan komputer client menjadi tidak dapat bekerja dan mengakses informasi dari komputer server.
Akan tetapi kerusakan pada perangkat keras komputer yang satu ini sering menjadi perdebatan karena fungsi dari keduanya merupakan supporting untuk mendukung jaringan lebih optimal. Perbedaan hub dan switch akan terlihat jelas pada jaringan yang digunakan, seperti pada topologi jaringan komputer perangkat ini bertugas untuk memecah paket data dari server menuju client.
Bagaimana mendeteksi kerusakan pada HUB?
Cara termudah untuk mendeteksi kerusakan pada hub dan juga switch adalah dengan cara melihat lampu indikatornya. Apabila lampu indikatornya tidak menyala, maka mungkin saja hub atau switch tesebut mengalami kerusakan.
Bagaimana mengatasinya?
Ketika anda sudah mengetahui bahwa hub anda mengalami kerusakan, maka cara paling baik untuk mengatasinya adlah dengan cara mengganti dengan yang baru. Namun, apabila hub atau switch anda masih masuk ke dalam masa garansi, anda bisa melakukan proses klaim garansi.

Sumber: http://dosenit.com/ilmu-komputer/troubleshooting/masalah-yang-sering-terjadi-pada-jaringan-lan

Permasalahan dalam koneksi Jaringan

Masalah Jaringan bisa menyebabkan gangguan pada aplikasi jaringan dan gangguan pada kesinambungan bisnis. Skala dari gangguan ini bisa bervariasi tergantung dari sumber gangguan dan dampak yang ditimbulkannya pada jaringan infrastructure anda.

1. Masalah jaringan karena kegagalan kabel jaringan

Yang ini merupakan masalah jaringan yang umum kita temui akibat putusnya kabel jaringan yang bisa mempengaruhi kinerja sebuah komputer dalam jaringan karena putusnya kabel patch anda karena digigit tikus; masalah jaringan yang berdampak pada satu blok gedung karena putusnya kabel antar switch (uplink cable); atau bahkan berdampak pada sebagian besar komputer dalam jaringan lan anda karena kegagalan backbone cable.

Dalam jaringan multi switch yang kompleks maka Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) haruslah di enable dan di tuning secara manual. STP adalah suatu service yang memungkinkan jaringan switch-2 dan bridge-2 LAN anda terkoneksi satu sama lain secara redundant dengan suatu mekanisme yang bisa mencegah bridging loops. Bridging loop itu paket data yang berputar-putar dalam jaringan nyari alamat sampai kecapekan dan akhirnya koid. Bridging loop ini bisa menyebabkan trafik jaringan anda macet atau disebut broadcast storm.

2. Masalah jaringan karena kegagalan piranti jaringan

Skala gangguan akibat dari kegagalan piranti jaringan juga bisa bervariasi, dari hanya sebuah komputer karena kegagalan NIC – lan card; beberapa komputer karena kegagalan switch; atau bahkan berskala luas karena kegagalan pada switch central yang menghubungkan jaringan server. Untuk kegagalan lan card di salah satu komputer bisa diganti dengan network card cadangan anda. Kebutuhan load balancing dan redundansi haruslah dikaji untuk setiap kebutuhan berdasarkan penggunaan link redundansi; piranti router; switch dan multi-homed host yang bersifat kritis. Tujuan dari system redundansi ini dimaksudkan untuk menjamin ketersediaan layanan dimana tidak ada satupun titik rawan kegagalan.

3. Masalah jaringan karena kegagalan system

4. Masalah jaringan karena ledakan virus

Jenis ini juga merupakan masalah jaringan yang bukan karena kegagalan infrastruktur jaringan fisik, akan tetapi system jaringan anda akan kebanjiran traffic dari pengaruh virus yang menyerang system server dan menulari ke semua komputer dalam jaringan anda. Kinerja dari system jaringan anda akan menjadi sangat pelan sekali bahkan boleh dibilang ambruk. Apa yang bisa anda lakukan dengan serangan virus ini adalah menerapkan best practice security policy, pertahanan system anda harus kebal sekali. Tidak perduli apakah masalah tersebut merupakan kegagalan piranti jaringan anda; atau masalah system komputer anda; ataupun intruder yang menyerang system infrastructure system anda. Suatu design jaringan redundansi yang bagus dan system manajemen yang bagus merupakan suatu keharusan dalam skala jaringan yang bersifat luas dan kompleks.

Solusinya sebagai berikut:

Kebanyakan masalah berhubungan dengan TCP/IP, yaitu bagaimana konfigurasi komputer pada jaringan. Langkah-langkah ini bisa Anda lakukan untuk menganalisa dan memecahkan masalah pada TCP/IP Anda.
1. Periksa Konfigurasi

Tahap pertama pada proses troubleshooting adalah dengan memeriksa konfigurasi TCP/IP. Caranya:
Start -> All Program -> Accessories -> Commad Prompt
Ketik perintah ipconfig /all
Setelah itu akan tampil hasil konfigurasinya. Perhatikan bahwa beberapa komputer mungkin mempunyai beberapa kartu antarmuka jaringan, dan Windows juga bisa mengenali port Firewire sebagai adapter jaringan. Anda harus memperhatikan interface yang akan dikonfigurasi.
Ipconfig /release
Ipconfig /renew
Ipconfig /all

2. Kegagalan Komunikasi
Jika NIC Anda sudah memiliki alamat IP yang berasosiasi, tapi computer belum bisa berkomunikasi dengan jaringan, maka Anda harus menggunakan pendekatan pemecahan masalah yang berbeda. Jika alamat IP diperoleh dari server DHCP, Anda bisa menghilangkan banyak kemungkinan penyebab masalah mulai dari sekarang. JIka komputer mampu untuk ‘menyewa’ sebuah alamat IP, artinya kartu jaringan sedang berfungsi dan koneksi ke switch tidak ada masalah.

5. Troubleshooting konfigurasi TCP/IP

Misalkan konfigurasi sederhana pada diagram jaringan berikut ini adalah diagram umum untuk jaringan internet di rumahan untuk koneksi ke Internet. Jika anda menggunakan layanan Speedy Telkom, maka modem-router yang digunakan biasanya mempunyai konfigurasi default dengan IP address 192.168.1.1 yang mana IP address ini merupakan IP address Gateway bagi komputer yang terhubung dengan jaringan. Modem-router yang dipakai biasanya juga berfungsi sebagai DHCP server yang memberikan konfigurasi IP address kepada komputer dalam jaringan. Misalkan pada komputer A ada masalah tidak bisa koneksi terhadap komputer B atau tidak bisa koneksi ke Internet. Untuk troubleshooting konfigurasi TCP/IP maka kita bisa memulai dari komputer yang bermasalah. Kita bisa memeriksa konfigurasi TCP/IP dengan menggunakan tool ipconfig pada command prompt. Bagaimana caranya? Tekan tombol ‘Windows’ dan tombol ‘R’ secara bersamaan untuk memunculkan windows RUN berikut dan ketik “cmd” terus klik “OK”.

6. Network Diagnostic

Dalam suatu infrastructure jaringan windows server 2003, network diagnostic biasa digunakan untuk untuk troubleshooting jaringan juga. Network Diagnostic dalah interface grafis yang sudah ada dalam Windows server 2003 yang bisa memberikan informasi detail tentang konfigurasi jaringan local. Untuk mengaksesnya, jalankan Help and Support dari Start Menu => Tools pada Support Task area => klik Tools => cari Network Diagnostics dan klik => akan muncul disisi kanan. Netdiag adalah utility command line yang harus dinstall terlebih dahulu dari CD instalasi Windows server 2003 yang berada pada directory \Support\Tools dan dobel klik file Supports.msi. Untuk melakukan troubleshooting masalah jaringan, anda bisa melakukan scan Netdiag dan periksa hasilnya atas error message yang mungkin ada.

7. Troubleshooting Koneksi menggunakan Ping dan Pathping

Ping adalah utilitas untuk memeriksa koneksi level IP, sementara Pathping digunakan untuk mendeteksi kehilangan paket saat paket menjelajah dari hop ke hop (dari router ke router). Command Ping digunakan untuk mengirim permintaan echo ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) kepada host yang di target seperti pada contoh diatas. Untuk verifikasi konfigurasi TCP/IP gunakan ping 127.0.0.1 pada command prompt. Jika test ping gagal atau tidak ada response (100% lost) maka bisa jadi driver tidak benar, network adapternya rusak, atau terjadi interferensi IP dengan service lain.
Untuk verifikasi IP address sudah benar ditambahkan ke komputer lakukan ping ke IP address local host pada command prompt

8. Troubleshooting dengan Tracert

Tracert adalah utility untuk tracing route yang bisa anda gunakan untuk tracking path sampai 30 hops router-to-router. tracert juga menggunakan ICMP echo request kepada suatu IP address, dengan menaikkan TTL (time to live) pada header IP dimulai dari 1, dan menganalisa error ICMP saat respon kembalian. Misal pada contoh berikut dilakukan tracert yahoo.com dari local komputer.

Jika ingin mendapatkan link yang sering tersendat-sendat gunakan pathping untuk melihat disisi router mana terjadinga delay / kehilangan paket yang sangat besar.

9. Troubleshooting menggunakan utility ARP

Utility ARP ini sangat berguna untuk melihat cache daftar ARP, gunakan arp –a pada local host. Untuk membersihkan daftar arp, gunakan parameter –d, arp –d IP_address.

Untuk melihat address physical (MAC address) gunakan ipconfig /all atau getmac. Jika anda tidak mendapatkan error pada command ARP –a dan anda juga tidak berhasil ping ke host pada subnet yang sama, maka anda bisa memeriksa pada media fisik seperti LAN Card, Switch, dan atau cable jaringan

10. kerusakan pada Kabel dan konektor Jaringan

Ø Jenis kabel serat optik menggunakan konektor SC dan ST.

Gangguan atau kerusakan pada kabel dan konektor jenis serat optik sangat jarang, tetapi memerlukan penanganan secara khusus untuk perawatan jaringan

Ø Jenis Kabel UTP dengan konekor RJ45.

Gangguan atau kerusakan pada kabel jenis ini adalah konektor yang tidak terpasang dengan baik (longgar), susunan pengkabelan yang salah dan kabel putus.

11. .Gangguan atau Kerusakan pada Hub/switch

Sumber: http://maimunah14maret.blogspot.co.id/2013/09/permasalahan-dalam-koneksi-jaringan.html

GANGGUAN PADA SISTEM TRANSMISI SINYAL DATA

1. Noise

Noise adalah sinyal-sinyal yang tidak diinginkan yang selalu ada dalam suatu sistem transmisi. Noise ini akan mengganggu kualitas dari sinyal terima yang diinginkan dan akhirnya menggangu proses penerimaan dan pengiriman data.

Menurut sumbernya noise ini dapat dibedakan menjadi :

Internal Noise, akibat thermal, intermodulasi, crosstalk
External Noise, akibat atmosphere, extraterrestrial, man made.

Random Noise adalah noise yang terjadinya tidak bisa diprediksi. Macam-macam random noise:

Thermal Noise : noise akibat adanya efek panas
Intermodulation noise : noise akibat masuknya frekuensi asing ke saluran komunikasi
Crosstalk noise : noise akibat masuknya sinyal asing ke saluran komunikasi
Impulse noise : noise akibat masuknya sinyal yang memiliki level tegangan yang cukup tinggi secara tiba-tiba ke saluran komunikasi
Fading noise : noise akibat perubahan kondisi atmosfer bumi

Statistical noise adalah noise yang terjadi dapat diprediksi. Macam-macam statistical noise:

Redaman : turunnya level tegangan sinyal yang diterima akibat karakteristik media
Tundaan : keterlambatan datangnya sinyal sehingga memperlambat pemrosesan

2. Interferensi

Interferensi adalah sinyal pengganggu yang tidak diinginkan dimana frekuensinya berdekatan atau sama dengan sinyal yang diinginkan serta berdaya besar.

Dalam dunia telekomunikasi dan IT yang berbasis satelit ada hal yang tidak mungkin dihindari yaitu gangguan/ Interferensi, namun dengan batasan toleransi tertentu masih dapat diterima.

Ada beberapa jenis kategori Interferensi:

Interferensi antar jaringan satelit adalah gangguan yang diakibatkan jarak antara satelit satu dengan yang lainnya
Interferensi jaringan Terrestrial adalah gangguan yang disebabkan frekuensi kerja dari sistem sama
Interferensi Croos polarisasi adalah gangguan disebabkan dari pengguna frekuensi yang sama dan power yang dipancarkan/Transmitter
Interferensi Co channel (antar kanal) adalah gangguan disebabkan oleh frekuensi channel atau tidak ada jarak antar kedua frekuensi (Guard band)
Interferensi Retransmit adalah gangguan disebabkan ketidak sempurnaan instalasi st.bumi/SNG yang bekerja pada frekuensi 52-88 Mhz sehingga frekuensi radio FM 88-108 Mhz akan masuk ke dalam sistem up link
Interferensi Intermodulasi antar Carrier adalah gangguan ini ketidak linearan dari power amplifier (HPA) bila digunakan untuk multi carrier, terjadi akibat:

kedekatan satelit
Coverage yang saling overlapping
Band frekuensi yang sama

3. Redaman

Redaman adalah turunnya level tegangan sinyal yang diterima akibat karakteristik media, merupakan salah satu jenis noise yang kejadiannya dapat diprediksi

Redaman adalah hambatan pada media telekomunikasi yang menyebabkan sinyal akan semakin lemah untuk jarah yang jauh.

4. Fading

Fading adalah penyimpangan atenuasi yang mengalami sinyal carrier-termodulasi telekomunikasi terhadap media propagasi tertentu

Fading merupakan gangguan komunikasi yang gejalanya dapat dirasakan oleh penerima akibat adanya fluktuasi (ketidaktetapan) level daya sinyal yang diterima oleh receiver

Multipath Fading, Fading yang terjadi karena terdapat objek antara pengirim dan penerima sehingga gelombang yang sampai ke penerima berasal dari beberapa lintasan (multipath) dan fluktuasi yang terjadi bersifat cepat (fast fading)

Terdiri dari:

Rician, jika sinyal yang dominan adalah sinyal yang bersifat Line Of Sight (direct path).
Rayleigh, jika sinyal yang dominan adalah sinyal yang bersifat tidak langsung (indirect path).

Shadowing, Fading yang terjadi karena adanya efek terhalangnya sinyal sampai ke penerima akibat oleh gedung bertingkat, tembok, dll dan fluktuasi sinyal yang terjadi bersifat lambat (Slow fading).

Note: Untuk info lebih jelas dapat menghubungi Technical Support DtC Netconnect
technical@dtcnetconnect.com

Sumber : http://www.dtcnetconnect.com/AMP/index.php/blogs/305-gangguan-pada-sistem-transmisi-sinyal-data

Masalah Jaringan Wireless

by Ali H · November 28, 2009

Pendahuluan

Sebelum kita membahas masalah jaringan wireless, terlebih dahulu kita juga harus mengerti bagaimana proses terjadinya koneksi wireless clients kepada jaringan wireless. Hal ini sangat membantu sekali dalam kita melakukan troubleshooting.

Pada artikel sebelumnya tentang cara melakukan troubleshooting jaringan, artikel ini sebenarnya merupakan kelanjutan dari artikel tersebut, akan tetapi disini akan focus pada masalah jaringan wireless. Seiring semakin banyaknya pemakai wireless network ini, wireless problems sudah menjadi sesuatu yang sering dihadapi dan dipertanyakan.

Proses koneksi wifi

Berikut adalah proses atau langkah terjadinya suatu koneksi wireless yang perlu difahami yang akan sangat membantu kita dalam menyelesaikan masalah.

Proses scanning wireless access point (AP)
Memilih wireless access points
Proses authentikasi terhadap wireless AP yang dipilih
Proses koneksi terhadap wireless AP yang dipilih
Mendapatkan konfigurasi TCP/IP address

1. Scanning wireless AP

Computer berbasis XP atau Vista yang mempunyai wireless adapter active yang supports Wireless Auto Configuration, akan selalu melakukan scanning adanya wireless AP pada jangkauannya setiap 60 sec. Saat scanning, wireless adapter mengirim sederetan frame Probe Request. Sementara itu wireless AP yg ada pada jangkauan wireless adapter yg sedang melakukan scanning adanya wireless AP, juga mengirim frame Probe response yang memuat capabilitas wireless AP seperti speed yang disupport serta opsi2 security lainnya.

_wireless-problems

Kita menganggap komputer mengalami masalah koneksi wifi jika tidak mendapatkan satupun wireless AP dalam jangkauan roamingnya.

2. Memilih suatu wireless AP

Dari frame Probe Response yang diterima, wireless client memilih wireless AP dimana ia akan mencoba melakukan authentikasi dan koneksi. Wireless client menggunakan faktor2 berikut saat menentukan wireless AP yang mana yang harus dipilih:

Capabilitas wireless AP

Wireless AP memperkenalkancapabilitasnya didalam frame Probe response. Jika wireless clients tidak mendukung capabilitas yang diperkenalkan di dalam Probe response tersebut maka wireless client mengalami masalah jaringan wireless – tidak bisa memilih wireless AP. Misal wireless AP diactivekan security WPA2 sementara wireless clients tidak support WPA2 (wireless device 802.11b/g tidak support) maka wireless client tidak bisa memilih wireless AP tersebut. kita menganggapnya ada wireless problems.

Nama jaringan wireless (SSID) cocok dengan jaringan preferencenya

Windows XP wireless auto configuration memelihara daftar jaringan wireless yang kita pilih (preferred wireless network). jika nama wireless network SSID tidak cocok dengan yang ada dalam daftar nama2 SSID yang ada, maka default Windows tidak bisa terhubung ke wireless AP. Jika clients wireless menerima beberapa Probe response yang ada dalam daftar nama SSID, maka client wireless memilih menurut urutan tertinggi dalam daftar preferred SSID.
Jika nama2 wireless network SSID dari frame Probe response yang diterima tidak cocok dengan jaringan dalam daftar preference, Windows akan memunculkan pesan “One or more wireless networks are available” atau “Connect to a wireless network”. jika user mengklik pesan ini, maka user memilih koneksi ke jaringan wireless baru.

Kekuatan signal

Wireless clients adapter memilih wireless AP dengan signal terkuat dari daftar nama2 SSID yang ada yang paling tinggi dalam daftar preference wireless name.

3. Proses authenticasi terhadap wireless AP yang dipilih

Setelah memilih wireless AP yang akan dikoneksikan, proses selanjutnya adalah proses authentikasi. Jenis authentikasi tergantung capabilitas security wireless AP dan bagaimana client dikonfigure untuk melakukan authentikasi jaringan wireless.
Jika anda menambahkan wireless network dari tab Wireless network pada property wireless connection anda, maka by default adalah open system authentication dan kemudian IEEE 802.1X. Jika anda mengkoneksikan lewat dialog box Connect to Wireless Network atau Choose a wireless network, maka setting authentikasi ditentukan dari capabilitas frame Probe response wireless AP. Windows XP /Vista dapat menentukan dari frame probe response apakah menggunakan open system authentication tanpa encryption, opensystem authentication dengan inkripsi WEP, authentication WPA-PSK, ataupun authentication WPA2-PSK. Sering terjadi masalah jika gagal melakukan proses authentikasi ini.

4. Proses koneksi terhadap wireless AP yang dipilih

Setelah selesai melakukan proses aythentication, wireless adapter dan wireless AP saling bertukar serangkaian pesan untuk membentuk suatu koneksi.

5. Mendapatkan konfigurasi TCP/IP

Setelah koneksi terbentuk, wireless client dapat memulai mengirim frame wireless yang mengandung paket TCP/IP. Jika wireless clients dikonfigurasi untuk menerima IP address automatis, maka ia akan menggunakan DHCP untuk request suatu konfigurasi IP address. umumnya wireless AP mempunyai layanan DHCP server untuk menjawab request wireless clients untuk konfigurasi IP.
Dengan memahami ke lima proses diatas, akan memudahkan kita dalam melakukan troublehooting masalah jaringan wireless.

Masalah umum wireless – masalah konektivitas

Paling banyak dalam masalah wifi adalah sebagai berikut:

Tidak berhasil melakukan koneksi wireless
Koneksi yang intermittent

Kedua hal inilah yang paling banyak kita jumpai dalam hal wireless problems.

Tidak berhasil melakukan koneksi wireless

Yang paling banyak dalam masalah jaringan wifi adalah tidak berhasilnya melakukan koneksi ke jaringan wireless, dari proses scanning sampai mendapatkan IP address. Alasan yang paling banyak dengan wireless problems ini adalah sebagai berikut:

Konfigurasi yang tidak klop / tidak matching
Wireless auto configuration di enable sementara tool wireless configuration bawaan dari vendor juga di install
Wireless AP dikonfigurasi dengan filter MAC
Sumber sinyal interferensi
Sumber sinyal attenuasi / pelemahan

Konfigurasi yang tidak matching

Beberapa property yang berbeda dari wireless connection haruslah matching antara wireless AP dan wireless clients sebelum berhasil terbentuknya koneksi. Beberapa masalah jaringan wireless yang menyebabkan tidak matching adalah berikut:

Technology 802.11 yang tidak matching

Ada 3 standard wireless 802.11 yang berbeda saat ini yaitu 802.11b; 802.11g; dan 802.11a. sementara satu lagi masih dalam draft walau sudah mulai booming yaitu draft 2.0 802.11n. Walau banyak sudah pabrikan yang memproduksi teknologi yang bisa support beberapa standard dalam satu kemasan, bisa saja terjadi ke tidak cocokan dalam teknologi ini. Misalkan wireless AP dengan standard 802.11a tidak akan bisa terhubung dengan wireless clients dengan standard 802.11b/g. Akibatnya wireless problems akan terjadi.

Methoda authentikasi yang tidak matching

Wireless problems jenis ini yang paling banyak terjadi. Wireless client tidak berhasil melakukan authentikasi jika antara wireless AP dan wireless clients tidak klop. Method authentikasi pada jaringan wireless rumahan meliputi open system, shared key, WPA-PSK, and WPA2-PSK. Verifikasi terlebih dahulu method authentikasi yang dikonfigurasikan pada wireless AP, dan sesuaikan pada setting yang ada pada wireless client.

Kunci WEP yang tidak matching

Jika menggunakan authenkasi WEP pada standard device 802.11b/g/n dan menspesifikasikan kunci WEP, adalah sangat mungkin terjadi kesalahan pengetikan atau salah eja. Hal ini akan mengakibatkan wireless problems karena kunci WEP tidak matching. Ketidak sesuaian interpretasi antara wireless AP dan wireless client ini bakal menghalangi terjadinya komunikasi – yang akibatnya tidak terbentuk koneksi. Hal ini sering kita jumpai computer kita hanya mendapatkan IP address APIPA dan menampilkan status “Limited or no connectivity” pada wireless connection. Kita pun menganggapnya ada masalah jaringan wireless.
Method konfigurasi kunci WEP tergantung pada versi Windows pada wireless client.

Pada Windows XP tanpa di install service pack, anda harus mengetikkan kunci WEP pada kolom Network Key, spesifikasikan format pada kunci WEP (baik character ASCII maupun Hexa), spesifikasikan juga panjang kuncinya (40bit atau 104 bit pada kolom Key length).
Untuk Windows XP dengan SP1/SP2, anda harus menspesifikasikan key WEP dua kali pada Network Key dan Confirm Network Key. Format panjang key tidak perlu karena akan ditentukan secara automatis menurut kunci yang diketikkan. Untuk Windows dengan SP2 anda harus memilih WEP pada Data Encryption.

Jika anda menggunakan Wireless Network Setup Wizard dalam Windows XP SP2, semua devices yg support Windows Connect Now secara automatic dikonfigure dengan WEP key yang sama.

WEP Key index tidak match

WEP Key index adalah suatu nomor yang menspesifikasikan WEP key yang mana yang akan dipakai untuk encryption frame wireless. Anda bisa menggunakan sampai 4 WEP keys yang berbeda. Dalam prakteknya hanya ada satu key index yang dipakai, yang sama dengan kemungkinan WEP key pertama. Wireless AP dan wireless client keduanya harus dikonfigurasi mengunakan kemungkinan WEP key pertama. Jika tidak, maka terjadi masalah jaringan wifi tidak terjadi koneksi.
Menspesifikasikan kemungkinan pertama WEP key tergantung bagaimana wireless client dan wireless AP memulai penomoran ke empat kemungkinan WEP key. Misal bisa saja penomoran dimulai dari 1 (1 ~4) atau dimulai dari 0 (0~3). Pilih kemunkinan pertama WEP key. Misal, Windows XP tanpa service pack memulai penomoran dengan 0, sementara pada Windows SP1/SP2 memulai pada nomor 1.

Tidak match WPA-PSK atau WPA2-PSK

Jika anda memakai authentikasi WPA-PSK atau WPA2-PSK, anda harus melakukan konfigurasi nilai preshared key pada kolom Network key dan Confirm network key. Pastikan kedua wireless client dan wireless AP mempunyai nilai preshared key yang sama. Untuk WPA anda harus memilih TKIP pada Data encryption dan WPA-PSK pada Network Authentication. Untuk WPA2 dengan Windows XP2, harus memilih AES pada Data Encryption dan WPA2-PSK pada Network Authentication.
Jika anda menggunakan Wireless Network Setup Wizard dalam Windows XP SP2, semua devices yang support Windows Connect Now secara automatis dikonfigure dengan nilai WPA preshared key yang sama. Wireless Network Setup Wizard tidak support configurasi dari nilai WPA2 preshared key.

Wireless auto configuration di enable sementara tool wireless configuration fihak ketiga juga di install

Windows XP Wireless Auto Configuration memberikan support integrasi pada wireless networking dan membantu mengautomasi konfigurasi wireless. Wireless network adapters menyediakan suatu tool wireless network configuration. Jika adapter tersebut support Wireless Auto Configuration, maka anda tidak memerlukan lagi software tool dari vendor adapter tersebut. Untuk mengetahui apakah wireless adapter anda support Wireless Auto Configuration, klik kanan wireless connection dalam folder the Network Connections dan pilih property. Jika ada tab Wireless Networks maka wireless network adapter anda support Wireless Auto Configuration. Untuk menghindari konflik yang bisa membuat masalah jaringan wireless, maka tidak usah di install tool dari vendor ini.
Karena seringnya terjadi masalah saat konfigurasi dan koneksi jika Wireless Auto Configuration di-enabled dan wireless network configuration tool juga di install. Karena dalam hal ini kedua Wireless Auto Configuration dan wireless network configuration tool bisa saja mengirim setting kepada wireless network adapter, akibatnya adalah konfigurasi yang tidak matching – anda akan mengalami masalah.
Makanya untuk menghindari masalah nantinya – gunakan salah satu saja baik Wireless Auto Configuration atau wireless network configuration tool, jangan keduanya.
Misal saja wireless adapter anda mempunyai tool yang bisa anda gunakan, sementara tidak support Wireless Auto Configuration, maka disable saja Wireless Auto Configuration dan gunakan wireless network configuration tool. Bagaimana disable Wireless Auto Configuration? Pada Wireless Networks tab pada property wireless connection dalam Network Connections, hilangkan contrengan Use Windows to configure my wireless network settings.
Jika anda memutuskan untuk menggunakan wireless network configuration tool bawaan dari vendor, untuk keperluan setting jangan lagi menggunakan Wireless Networks tab, gunakan tool ini untuk setting seperti wireless network name (SSID), authentikasi dan encryption.
Jika menggunakan Wireless Auto Configuration, maka remove saja program bawaan dari vendor dari Control Panel-Add or Remove Programs ataupun dari Uninstall program tersebut.

Wireless AP dikonfigurasi dengan fileter MAC

Wireless AP memungkinkan kita menspesifikasikan address MAC (media access control – atau lazim disebut juga address physical atau address hardware) tertentu saja yg bisa mengirim frame kepada wireless AP. Fitur ini disebut sebagai MAC address filtering yg dirancang untuk memberikan layer keamanan extra pada jaringan wireless. Akan tetapi hacker bisa saja dengan mudah menghalangi keamanan exta ini dengan cara menangkap frame yang dikirim dari dan ke wireless client yang diijinkan dan me-reprogram wireless adapter dirinya untuk menggunakan valid MAC address dalam daftar wireless AP.
Jika wireless adapter tidak terdaftar dalam MAC address list pada wireless AP, maka anda mengalami wireless problems – clients tidak bisa akses ke wireless AP. Jadi pastikan wireless clients terdaftar dalam list MAC address yang dibolehkan access ke wireless AP.

Sumber Interferensi Signal

Standard 802.11b/g bekerja pada frequency 2.4 GHz yang sama dipakai pada perangkat wireless lainnya seperti cordless phone, microwave, perangkat keamanan dan monitoring rumah, dan juga camera video wireless. Sumber interferensi ini sangat mengganggu yang bisa mengakibatkan wireless problems dimana client wi-fi komputer tidak bisa koneksi ke wireless AP.
Untuk memstikannya, matikan sementara sumber interferensi ini atau pindahkan wireless client dan wireless AP jauhan dari sumber interferensi ini, dan lihat apakah ada perubahan atau masih ada masalah jaringan wireless.

Sumber Pelemahan / Attenuasi Signal

Sumber pelemah / penghalang signal seperti dinding, atap, lapisan metal antara wireless clients dan wireless AP dapat menyebabkan gangguan signal wireless, atau hilangnya kekuatan signal. Pada beberapa kasus bahkan kehilangan signyal sama sekali yang menyebabkan masalah wifi – tidak bisa terhubung sama sekali.
Lihat juga artikel pertimbangan dalam instalasi wireless.

Koneksi Yang Intermittent

Dalam beberapa kasus, banyak terjadi masalah dimana awalnya mendapatkan signal kuat dan tiba-2 terputus tanpa interfensi si user. Paling banyak masalah jarigan wireless ini disebabkan oleh berikut ini:

Authentikasi 802.1X di enable pada wireless client sementara pada wireless AP tidak
Duplikat Nama jaringan wireless (SSID)
Sumber interferensi
Sumber attenuasi / pelemahan
Virus komputer
Kerusakan perangkat atau driver yang kadaluarsa / outdated

802.1X Authentication di Enabled pada Wireless Client dan tidak pada Wireless AP

802.1X authentication secara default adalah enable pada semua koneksi wireless maupun wired. Pada Windows XP SP1, Microsoft mengubah proses authentikasi untuk jaringan wireless. Jika 802.1X authentication di enable dan proses authentikasi tidak selesai sempurna, maka koneksi akan putus. Hal ini biasanya terjadi 3 menit setelah koneksi terbentuk menggunakan system authentikasi terbuka.
Untuk memperbaiki hal ini pada Windows XP SP1, lakukan berikut ini:

Klik Start => Settings kemudian klik Network Connections.
Pada Network Connections, klik kanna wireless connection dan kemudian klik Properties.
Klik Wireless Networks tab => dibawah Preferred networks klik wireless network name anda, dan kemudian klik Properties.
Klik tab Authentication, kemudian kosongkan contrengan Enable IEEE 802.1x authentication for this network.
Klik OK dua kali untuk menerima perubahannya.

Prosedur ini umumnya tidak diperlukan pada komputer yang jalan pada Windows XP tanpa Service pack atau Windows XP dengan SP2. Akan tetapi perlu juga mematikan 802.1X authentication di disable jika menggunakan open system authentication. Prosedur diatas juga berlaku untuk Windows XP SP2.
Untuk Windows XP tanpa SP, lakukan berikut ini:

Klik Start => Settings kemudian klik Network Connections.
Pada Network Connections, klik kanan wireless connection anda dan kemudian klik Properties.
Klik Authentication tab, kemudian kosongkan contrengan Enable network access control using IEEE 802.1x
Klik OK untuk menyimpannya.

Duplikat Nama Jaringan Wireless

Salah satu alasan koneksi yang intermittent adalah nama jaringan wireless duplikat dengan jaringan wireless lainnya didalam jangkauan wireless clients. Misalkan, dalam kampus yang berdekatan terdapat dua jaringan wireless dengan nama SSID yang sama yang saling overlap. Dalam hal ini semua wireless AP yang memperkenalkan diri dengan nama SSID yang sama dianggap berasal dari satu jaringan wireless yang sama. Wireless client dari wireless AP anda bisa saja mengambil jaringan wireless AP yang lain dengan nama SSID yang sama tadi. Jika wireless client anda tidak di configure menurut method authentikasi dan key dari jaringan wireless yang lain, maka anda akan mengalami masalah jaringan wireless yang intermittend sampai wireless client anda kembali memilih wireless AP anda kembali.
Kebanyakan kasus nama duplikat dari jaringan wireless ini adalah cara setup jaringan wireless AP dengan setting default tanpa mengubah nama SSID nya. Makanya pastikan selalu mengubah nama default dari pabrik agar tidak terjadi kemungkinan nama SSID yang sama dengan jaringan wireless lain yang tidak mengubah default namenya.
Untuk memastikan duplicat nama jaringan yang sama, matikan dulu wireless AP anda dan periksa apakah wireless client masih menerima SSID yang sama juga dengan nama jaringan SSID dari wireless AP anda. Untuk menghindari masalah jaringan wireless anda, configure wireless AP anda dengan nama SSID yang unik.

Sumber Sinyal Interferensi

Seperti halnya sinyal interferensi yang bisa menyebabkan masalah jaringan wireless – kurangnya konektifitas, sinyal ini juga bisa menyebabkan koneksi yang intermittent. Perangkat seperti microwave oven, cordless phone, system keamanan dan monitoring rumah, dapat menjadi sumber interferensi yang membuat masalah.
Untuk memastikan, coba uji dengan mematikan sementara sumber2 sinyal interferensi tersebut dan lihat apa ada perubahan atau tidak.

Sumber pelemahan sinyal

Sumber pelemahan signal disamping bisa mengurangi kekuatan sinyal koneksi, dia bisa juga menyebabkan masalah – koneksi yang intermittent. Anda perlu memperhatikan korelasi terjadinya intermittent dengan sumber pelemahan sinyal ini. Misal saja ada terjadinya intermittent saat ada seseorang yang sedang membuka pintu garasi yg terbuat dari metal.

Computer Viruses

Beberapa virus komputer diketahui bisa menyebabkan masalah jaringan wireless – terjadinya koneksi yang intermittent. Pastikan bahwa computer anda dilengkapi dengan antivirus misal McAfee, Norton, atau BitDefender dan diupdate selalu.

Kerusakan hardware atau software driver yang outdated

Bisa saja tejadi masalah jaringan wifi dikarenakan kerusakan pada wireless AP atau wireless clients pada komputer. kalau anda tidak mempunyai perangkat backup cadangan agak susah juga mendeteksinya. Yang paling bisa dilakukan adalah melakukan diagnostic dari tool bawaan dari vendor perangkat wireless tersebut.
Pastikan Windows anda mempunyai driver dengan versi terbaru dari wireless adapter anda. Begitu juga upgrade firmware wireless AP anda dengan firmware terbaru daru vendor. Beberapa jenis wireless router mempunyai fitur automatis update firmware.

Baca juga artikel berikut:

Method authentikasi beberapa jenis authentikasi
Mengenal ancaman keamanan internet
Wireless distribution system (WDS)
Keuntungan jaringan komputer
Setup wireless router

Sumber: http://www.jaringan-komputer.cv-sysneta.com/masalah-jaringan-wireless