Thursday, April 4, 2019

Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Physics

https://www.science.co.il/nobel-prizes/Physics.php

Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Physics

NOTE: You can sort the table by clicking column headers.

Year	Nobel Laureate	Country of birth
2018	Ashkin, Arthur "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics. for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems."	USA
2017	Weiss, Rainer "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"	Germany
2017	Barish, Barry C. "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"	USA
2016	Kosterlitz, J. Michael "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"	UK
2013	Englert, Francois "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments"	Belgium
2012	Haroche, Serge "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"	Morocco
2011	Perlmutter, Saul "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"	USA
2011	Riess, Adam G. "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"	USA
2005	Glauber, Roy J. "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"	USA
2004	Gross, David J. "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"	USA
2004	Politzer, H. David "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"	USA
2003	Ginzburg, Vitaly L. "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"	Russia
2003	Abrikosov, Alexei A. "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"	Russia
2000	Alferov, Zhores I. "for basic work on information and communication technology"	Russia
1997	Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"	Algeria
1996	Lee, David M. "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"	USA
1995	Perl, Martin L. "for the discovery of the tau lepton"	USA
1995	Reines, Frederick "for the detection of the neutrino"	USA
1992	Charpak, Georges "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"	Poland
1990	Friedman, Jerome I. "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"	USA
1988	Steinberger, Jack "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"	Germany
1988	Schwartz, Melvin "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"	USA
1988	Lederman, Leon M. "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"	USA
1987	Muller, K. Alexander "for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"	Switzerland
1979	Weinberg, Steven "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current"	USA
1979	Glashow, Sheldon L. "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current"	USA
1978	Penzias, Arno A. "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"	Germany
1976	Richter, Burton "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"	USA
1975	Mottelson, Ben Roy "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"	USA
1973	Josephson, Brian D. "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects"	UK
1972	Cooper, Leon N. "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"	USA
1971	Gabor, Dennis "for his invention and development of the holographic method"	Hungary
1969	Gell-Mann, Murray "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"	USA
1967	Bethe, Hans A. "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"	Germany
1965	Schwinger, Julian "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"	USA
1965	Feynman, Richard P. "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"	USA
1963	Wigner, Eugene P. "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"	Hungary
1962	Landau, Lev D. "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"	Azerbaijan
1961	Hofstadter, Robert "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"	USA
1960	Glaser, Donald A. "for the invention of the bubble chamber"	USA
1959	Segre, Emilio Gino "for their discovery of the antiproton"	Italy
1958	Frank, Il'ja M. "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"	Russia
1958	Tamm, Igor Y. "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"	Russia
1954	Born, Max "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"	Germany
1952	Bloch, Felix "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"	Switzerland
1945	Pauli, Wolfgang "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle"	Austria
1944	Rabi, Isidor Isaac "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"	Austria
1943	Stern, Otto "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"	Germany
1925	Franck, James "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"	Germany
1922	Bohr, Niels "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"	Denmark
1921	Einstein, Albert "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"	Germany
1908	Lippmann, Gabriel "for his method of reproducing colors photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"	Luxembourg
1907	Michelson, Albert A. "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"	Poland

Total number of Jewish Laureates: 53

Who Is a Jew?

http://www.jewfaq.org/whoisjew.htm

Who Is a Jew?

Level: Basic

In the Bible, Jews were called Hebrews or Children of Israel
The terms "Jew" and "Judaism" come from the tribe or kingdom of Judah
"Jew" now refers to all physical and spiritual descendants of Jacob
A person can be Jewish by birth or by conversion
Traditionally, Jewish status passes through the mother, not the father

Origins of the Words "Jew" and "Judaism"

The original name for the people we now call Jews was Hebrews. The word "Hebrew" (in Hebrew, "Ivri") is first used in the Torah to describe Abraham (Gen. 14:13). The word is apparently derived from the name Eber, one of Abraham's ancestors. Another tradition teaches that the word comes from the word "eyver," which means "the other side," referring to the fact that Abraham came from the other side of the Euphrates, or referring to the fact Abraham was separated from the other nations morally and spiritually.
Another name used for the people is Children of Israel or Israelites, which refers to the fact that the people are descendants of Jacob, who was also called Israel.
The word "Jew" (in Hebrew, "Yehudi") is derived from the name Judah, which was the name of one of Jacob's twelve sons. Judah was the ancestor of one of the tribes of Israel, which was named after him. Likewise, the word Judaism literally means "Judah-ism," that is, the religion of the Yehudim. Other sources, however, say that the word "Yehudim" means "People of G-d," because the first three letters of "Yehudah" are the same as the first three letters of G-d's four-letter name.
Originally, the term Yehudi referred specifically to members of the tribe of Judah, as distinguished from the other tribes of Israel. However, after the death of King Solomon, the nation of Israel was split into two kingdoms: the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel (I Kings 12; II Chronicles 10). After that time, the word Yehudi could properly be used to describe anyone from the kingdom of Judah, which included the tribes of Judah, Benjamin and Levi, as well as scattered settlements from other tribes. The most obvious biblical example of this usage is in Esther 2:5, where Mordecai is referred to as both a Yehudi and a member of the tribe of Benjamin.
In the 6th century B.C.E., the kingdom of Israel was conquered by Assyria and the ten tribes were exiled from the land (II Kings 17), leaving only the tribes in the kingdom of Judah remaining to carry on Abraham's heritage. These people of the kingdom of Judah were generally known to themselves and to other nations as Yehudim (Jews), and that name continues to be used today.
In common speech, the word "Jew" is used to refer to all of the physical and spiritual descendants of Jacob/Israel, as well as to the patriarchs Abraham and Isaac and their wives, and the word "Judaism" is used to refer to their beliefs. Technically, this usage is inaccurate, just as it is technically inaccurate to use the word "Indian" to refer to the original inhabitants of the Americas. However, this technically inaccurate usage is common both within the Jewish community and outside of it, and is therefore used throughout this site.

Who is a Jew?

A Jew is any person whose mother was a Jew or any person who has gone through the formal process of conversionto Judaism.
It is important to note that being a Jew has nothing to do with what you believe or what you do. A person born to non-Jewish parents who has not undergone the formal process of conversion but who believes everything thatOrthodox Jews believe and observes every law and custom of Judaism is still a non-Jew, even in the eyes of the most liberal movements of Judaism, and a person born to a Jewish mother who is an atheist and never practices the Jewish religion is still a Jew, even in the eyes of the ultra-Orthodox. In this sense, Judaism is more like a nationality than like other religions, and being Jewish is like a citizenship. See What Is Judaism?
This has been established since the earliest days of Judaism. In the Torah, you will see many references to "the strangers who dwell among you" or "righteous proselytes" or "righteous strangers." These are various classifications of non-Jews who lived among Jews, adopting some or all of the beliefs and practices of Judaism without going through the formal process of conversion and becoming Jews. Once a person has converted to Judaism, he is not referred to by any special term; he is as much a Jew as anyone born Jewish.
Although all Jewish movements agree on these general principles, there are occasional disputes as to whether a particular individual is a Jew. Most of these disputes fall into one of two categories.
First, traditional Judaism maintains that a person is a Jew if his mother is a Jew, regardless of who his father is. The liberal movements, on the other hand, allow Jewish status to pass through the mother or the father if the child identifies as Jewish. For example, former Phillies catcher Mike Lieberthal, who had a Jewish father but chooses not to be identified as Jewish, would not be Jewish according to the Reform movement, but former Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords, who had a Jewish father and adopted a Jewish identity as an adult, would be considered Jewish. See their position here). On the other hand, the child of a a Christian father and a Jewish mother who does not publicly identify himself as Jewish would be considered Jewish according to the Orthodox movement, but not according to the Reform movement. Actor Harrison Ford would fit into this category: his mother's parents were Jewish, but he does not particularly consider himself to be of any religion, but the Orthodox would count him toward a minyan if he showed up for services. The matter becomes even more complicated, because the status of that interfaith child's children also comes into question.
Second, the more traditional movements do not always acknowledge the validity of conversions by the more liberal movements. A more liberal movement might not follow the procedures required by the more traditional movement, thereby invalidating the conversion. For example, Orthodoxy requires acceptance of the yoke of Torah (observance of Jewish law as Orthodoxy understands it), while other movements would not teach the same laws that Orthodoxy does and might not require observance. The Conservative movement requires circumcision and immersion in a mikvah, which is not always required in Reform conversions.

About Matrilineal Descent

Many people have asked me why traditional Judaism uses matrilineal descent to determine Jewish status, when in all other things (tribal affiliation, priestly status, royalty, etc.) we use patrilineal descent.
The Torah does not specifically state anywhere that matrilineal descent should be used; however, there are several passages in the Torah where it is understood that the child of a Jewish woman and a non-Jewish man is a Jew, and several other passages where it is understood that the child of a non-Jewish woman and a Jewish man is not a Jew.
In Deuteronomy 7:1-5, in expressing the prohibition against intermarriage, G-d says "he [i.e., the non-Jewish male spouse] will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods of others." No such concern is expressed about the child of a non-Jewish female spouse. From this, we infer that the child of a non-Jewish male spouse is Jewish (and can therefore be turned away from Judaism), but the child of a non-Jewish female spouse is not Jewish (and therefore turning away is not an issue).
Leviticus 24:10 speaks of the son of an Israelite woman and an Egyptian man as being "among the community of Israel" (i.e., a Jew).
On the other hand, in Ezra 10:2-3, the Jews returning to Israel vowed to put aside their non-Jewish wives and the children born to those wives. They could not have put aside those children if those children were Jews.
Several people have written to me asking about King David: was he a Jew, given that one of his female ancestors, Ruth, was not a Jew? This conclusion is based on two faulty premises: first of all, Ruth was a Jew, and even if she wasn't, that would not affect David's status as a Jew. Ruth converted to Judaism before marrying Boaz and bearing Obed. See Ruth 1:16, where Ruth states her intention to convert. After Ruth converted, she was a Jew, and all of her children born after the conversion were Jewish as well. But even if Ruth were not Jewish at the time Obed was born, that would not affect King David's status as a Jew, because Ruth is an ancestor of David's father, not of David's mother, and David's Jewish status is determined by his mother.

About the Agudath Ha-Rabonim Statement

In March, 1997, the Agudath Ha-Rabonim issued a statement declaring that the Conservative and Reformmovements are "outside of Torah and outside of Judaism." This statement was widely publicized and widely misunderstood, and requires some response. Three points are particularly worth discussing: 1) the statement does not challenge the Jewish status of Reform and Conservative Jews; 2) the statement is not an official statement of a unified Orthodox opinion; 3) the statement was made with the intent of bringing people into Jewish belief, not with the intention of excluding them from it.
First of all, the Agudath Ha-Rabonim statement does not say that Reform and Conservative Jews are not Jews. Their statement does not say anything about Jewish status. As the discussion above explains, status as a Jew has nothing to do with what you believe; it is simply a matter of who your parents are. Reform and Conservative Jews are Jews, as they have always been, and even the Agudath Ha-Rabonim would agree on that point. The debate over who is a Jew is the same as it has always been, the same as was discussed above: the Reform recognition of patrilineal decent, and the validity of conversions performed by non-Orthodox rabbis.
Second, the Agudath Ha-Rabonim is not the official voice of mainstream Orthodoxy. Their statement does not represent the unified position of Orthodox Judaism in America. In fact, the Rabbinical Council of America (the rabbinic arm of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America) immediately issued a strong statement disassociating themselves from this "hurtful public pronouncement [which] flies in the face of Jewish peoplehood."
Finally, before one can denounce a statement like this, one should make an attempt to understand the position of those making the statement. According to Orthodoxy, the Torah is the heart of Judaism. All of what our people are revolves around the unchanging, eternal, mutually binding covenant between G-d and our people. That is the definition of Jewish belief, according to Orthodoxy, and all Jewish belief is measured against that yardstick. You may dispute the validity of the yardstick, but you can't deny that Conservative and Reform Judaism don't measure up on that yardstick. Reform Judaism does not believe in the binding nature of Torah, and Conservative Judaism believes that the law can change.
The Agudath Ha-Rabonim did not intend to cut Reform and Conservative Jews off from their heritage. On the contrary, their intention was to bring Reform and Conservative Jews back to what they consider to be the only true Judaism. The statement encouraged Reform and Conservative Jews to leave their synagogues and "join an Orthodox synagogue, where they will be warmly welcomed." I believe the Agudath Ha-Rabonim were sincere, albeit misguided, in this intention. I have known several Orthodox and Chasidic Jews who believed that if there were no Reform or Conservative synagogues, everyone would be Orthodox. However, my own personal experience with Reform and Conservative Jews indicates that if there were no such movements, most of these people would be lost to Judaism entirely, and that would be a great tragedy.
The opinion of mainstream Orthodoxy seems to be that it is better for a Jew to be Reform or Conservative than not to be Jewish at all. While we would certainly prefer that all of our people acknowledged the obligation to observe the unchanging law (just as Conservative Jews would prefer that all of our people acknowledged the right to change the law, and Reform Jews would prefer that all of our people acknowledged the right to pick and choose what to observe), we recognize that, as Rabbi Kook said, "That which unites us is far greater than that which divides us."

Famous Jews

There once was a site called Jewhoo, that had an extensive list of Jewish actors, athletes, and other celebrities. The site disappeared in 2005. I gather that the site owners got tired of doing a lot of work researching the Jewish background of celebrities only to find their efforts copied all over the Internet without even the slightest acknowledgement. The site exists no more, and the information is lost. Think about that the next time you copy someone else's work and insist that you're doing no harm. (Another one has disappeared since my last update, but it wasn't a great site and I have no idea why it disappeared).
In the absence of Jewhoo...
JINFO has an outstanding collection of Jews who have won the nobel prize in various areas or have excelled in various academic fields.
Jew or Not Jew seems to be trying to fill the gap left by the absense of Jewhoo. It lists Jews in a variety of categories and ranks their Jewishness on three factors: I (Israel, Jewishness by birth history and affiliation), O (Optics, how Jewish they look or act) and K (Kvell, how proud the creators of the site are to consider this person a Jew). It includes a lot of non-Jews who are perceived as Jewish and the text is a bit flighty, but the do seem to do the research and you can probably figure out from whawt they say whether you would consider the person Jewish.

© Copyright 5756-5777 (1995-2017), Tracey R Rich
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Jewish Studies : Yeshivot

https://www.science.co.il/jewish-studies/Yeshivot.php

Jewish Studies : Yeshivot

This page lists post-high school "Yeshiva" type Jewish educational institutions that are called Yeshiva Gvoha (ישיבה גבוהה). Yeshivot Hesder (ישיבות הסדר) in the list incorporate a period of about two years of army service.
Click a column heading to re-sort the list.

Yeshiva	City	Phone
@ Also see: Midrasha Programs for Religious Women
@ Pre-military academies (Mechinot)
Ahavat Yisrael Hesder Yeshiva	Netivot	08.9945323
Association of Hayeshivot Hagvohot		02.9400537
Barkai Center for Practical Rabbinics	Modiin	072.2155077
Beit Morasha of Jerusalem	Jerusalem	02.6216446
Beit-El Yeshiva Center	Beit-El	02.9975192
Eretz Hemdah Institute of Advanced Jewish Studies	Jerusalem	02.5371485
HaYeshiva LeTorah Manhiga	Jerusalem	02.6437325
Hesder Yeshiva Yafo	Jaffa	077-4008796
Igud Yeshivot Hesder	Jerusalem	02.6209010
Machon Meir Institute of Jewish Studies	Jerusalem	02.6461317
Mayanot Institute of Jewish Studies	Jerusalem	02.5388770
Michlol Institute for Technology and Jewish Studies	Maale Levona	02.9942851
Nir Yeshiva of Kiryat Arba-Chevron	Kiryat Arba	02.9961775
Ohr Somayach Tanenbaum College	Jerusalem	02.5810315
Pardes Institute of Jewish Studies	Jerusalem	02.6735210
Shavei Hevron Yeshiva and Kollel in Beit Romano	Hebron	02.9963838
Straus Rabbinical Seminary	Efrat	02.5488444
Summer Torah Education Program (STEP)	Jerusalem	052.7637750
Torah MiTzion Religious Zionist Kollel	Jerusalem	02.6209020
Yaacov Herzog Center for Jewish Studies	Ein Tzurim	08.8608330
Yeshiva High School Leadership Training Program	Sussya	02.9963584
Yeshiva Ohr Tmimim	Kfar Chabad	03.9606583
Yeshiva Shalom Rav	Safed (Tzfat)	04.6923643
Yeshiva Temimei Darech	Safed (Tzfat)	052.5326717
Yeshiva Tiferet	Jerusalem	02.6437860
Yeshivas Bircas HaTorah	Jerusalem	02.6271647
Yeshivas Kiryat Malachi	Kiryat Malachi	08.8587907
Yeshivat Ateret Cohanim	Jerusalem	02.6284101
Yeshivat Ateret Yerushalayim	Jerusalem	02.5879537
Yeshivat Ayelet Hashachar	Eilat	08.6331198
Yeshivat Beit Orot	Jerusalem	02.6284155
Yeshivat Birkat Moshe	Maale Adumim	02.5353655
Yeshivat Birkat Yosef	Elon Moreh	02.9973905
Yeshivat Darche Noam	Jerusalem	02.6511178
Yeshivat Dvar Yerushalayim	Jerusalem	02.6522817
Yeshivat HaGolan	Avnei Eitan	04.6763088
Yeshivat HaHesder Orot Yaakov	Rehovot	08.9485666
Yeshivat Hakotel	Jerusalem	02.6288175
Yeshivat Har Bracha	Bracha	02.9974836
Yeshivat Har Etzion	Alon Shvut	02.9931456
Yeshivat Hesder Akko	Akko	04.9913831
Yeshivat Hesder Amit	Afula	04.6591431
Yeshivat Hesder Beit Shean	Beit Shean	077.9300580
Yeshivat Hesder Heichal Eliyahu	Kochav Yaakov	02.9972023
Yeshivat Hesder Holon	Holon	03.5587638
Yeshivat Hesder Karnei Shomron	Karnei Shomron	09.7929145
Yeshivat Hesder Kiryat Gat	Kiryat Gat	08.6882195
Yeshivat Hesder Kiryat Shemona	Kiryat Shemona	04.6942616
Yeshivat Hesder Maalot	Maalot	04.9979708
Yeshivat Hesder Meir Harel	Modiin	08.9719935
Yeshivat Hesder Nahariya	Nahariya	04.9522615
Yeshivat Hesder Nazareth	Nazareth	077.5060978
Yeshivat Hesder Neve Dekalim	Ashdod	08.9934361
Yeshivat Hesder OrVishua	Haifa	04.8121048
Yeshivat Hesder Orot Ashkelon	Ashkelon	077.7100613
Yeshivat Hesder Petach Tikva	Petah Tikva	03.9095045
Yeshivat Hesder Ramat Gan	Ramat-Gan	03.6748424
Yeshivat Hesder Ramat Hasharon	Ramat Hasharon	03.5497238
Yeshivat Hesder Ramla	Ramla	052.8109371
Yeshivat Hesder Rishon Lezion	Rishon Lezion	03.9527175
Yeshivat Hesder Shadmot Neriah	Shadmot Mechola	04.6099726
Yeshivat Hesder Shilo	Shilo	02.9942130
Yeshivat Hesder Tefahot	Tefahot	04.6785148
Yeshivat Hesder Tekoa	Tekoa	02.9605095
Yeshivat Hesder Yerucham	Yeruham	08.6580101
Yeshivat Hesder of Sderot	Sderot	08.6611360
Yeshivat Kefar Ha'roe	Kfar Haroe	04.6250555
Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh	Yavne	08.8562007
Yeshivat Mercaz HaRav	Jerusalem	02.6524793
Yeshivat Netiv Aryeh	Jerusalem	02.6266333
Yeshivat Netivot Yosef	Mitzpe Yeriho	02.9973383
Yeshivat Netzer Ariel	Ariel	03.9068946
Yeshivat Od Yosef Chai	Yitzhar	02.9974666
Yeshivat Ohr David	Bnei Brak	03.5701212
Yeshivat Or Etzion	Merkaz Shapira	08.8586805
Yeshivat Or-Hachaim	Jerusalem	02.5000455
Yeshivat Orchos Chaim	Jerusalem	02.5002408
Yeshivat Otniel	Otniel	02.9964241
Yeshivat Ponevez	Bnei Brak	03.6183111
Yeshivat Reishit Yerushalayim	Beit Shemesh	02.9997155
Yeshivat Sha'alvim	Sha'alvim	08.9276649
Yeshivat Shaarei Yerushalayim	Jerusalem	02.6510975
Yeshivat Shvilei Hatorah	Jerusalem	052.8617788
Yeshivat Siach Yitzhak	Efrat	02.9938855
Yeshivat Simchat Shlomo	Jerusalem	02.6221456
Yeshivat Tel Aviv Ma'aleh Eliahu	Tel Aviv	03.6959917
Yeshivat Yishrei Lev	Kiryat Yearim	052.4563723

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Torah 101 Table of Contents

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