Knowing the real Name of YHVH (יהוה) the Most High of Israel.

Wednesday, November 7, 2018

SUNDAY DECEPTION

Vatican admits the change of Sabbath was their act not the Bible

Samuel Owusu by Samuel Owusu

Rome’s biggest challenge
“Prove to me from the Bible alone that I am bound to keep Sunday holy. There is no such law in the Bible. It is a law of the Catholic Church alone. The Catholic Church says, by my divine power I abolish the Sabbath day and command you to keep holy the first day of the week. And lo! The entire civilized world bows down in reverent obedience to the command of the Holy Catholic Church” (Thomas Enright, CSSR, President, Redemptorist College [Roman Catholic], Kansas City, MO, Feb. 18, 1884).

There can be no doubt that Christ, His disciples, and the first-century Christians kept Saturday, the seventh-day Sabbath. Yet, today, most of the Christian professing world keeps Sunday, the first day of the week, calling it the Sabbath. Who made this change, and how did it occur?
No serious student of the Scriptures can deny that God instituted the Sabbath at creation and designated the seventh day to be kept holy. “And on the seventh day God ended His work which He had made; and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had made. And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it He had rested from all His work which God created and made” (Genesis 2:2–3). It was later codified as the Fourth Commandment (Exodus 20:8–11).

The Word of God makes it expressly clear that Sabbath observance is a special sign or “mark” between God and His people. There is also no uncertainty that Christ, His disciples, and the first-century Christians kept the seventh-day Sabbath as commanded—the day we now call “Saturday” (Mark 2:28; Luke 4:16).

Is There Any Biblical Support for Sunday Observance?

There is absolutely no New Testament text stating that God, Jesus, or the apostles changed the Sabbath to Sunday—not a text, not a word, not even a hint or suggestion. If there were, those chapters and verses would be loudly heralded by Sabbath opposers. Had Paul or any other apostle taught a change from Sabbath to Sunday, the first day of the week, an absolute firestorm of protest would have arisen from conservative Jewish Christians. The Pharisees and scribes would have insisted that Paul or any other person even suggesting such a thing be stoned to death for the sin of Sabbath-breaking. This would have been a much larger issue than the controversy over circumcision!

The self-righteous Pharisees had already falsely accused Christ of breaking the Sabbath because He violated the added man-made rules and traditions they placed upon the Sabbath (Mark 2:24). The total absence of any such controversy over a change in the day of worship is one of the best evidences showing the apostles and other New Testament Christians did notchange the day. On the contrary, we have a record of many Sabbaths that Paul and his traveling companions kept long after the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Read of them in your own Bible in Acts 13:14, 27, 42–44; 15:21; 16:13; 17:2; and 18:4. Acts 13:42–44 is especially significant in that Paul and Barnabas, when speaking at a Jewish synagogue, were invited to speak again the nextSabbath. This would have been Paul’s golden opportunity to tell the people to meet with him the next day rather than waiting a whole week for the Sabbath. But, “on the next Sabbath almost the whole city [Jews and Gentiles alike] gathered to hear the word of the Lord.”

Yet today, most of the Christian professing world keeps Sunday, the first day of the week, calling it the Sabbath. The question arises then, who changed the Sabbath to Sunday, and how did it occur? The answer may amaze you!

Biblical Testimony

The New Testament plainly shows we are to continue keeping the commandments (Mathew 5:17–18; 19:17; 28:20)—all ten of them. Where, then, do men get the “authority” to change the Fourth Commandment by substituting Sunday for the original Sabbath Christ and the apostles kept?

The Bible prophesied many centuries earlier that the time would come when men would think to change times and laws (Daniel 7:25). Many Bible prophecies are “dual” in nature—that is, they have a type and antitype, an earlier and a later fulfillment. Though speaking specifically of the soon-coming antichrist, we can see the forerunner type documented in history.

The Watering Down of the Sabbath in the First 300 Years

The Christians during the apostolic era, from about 35 to 100 A.D., kept Sabbath on the designated seventh day of the week. For the first 300 years of Christian history, when the Roman emperors regarded themselves as gods, Christianity became an “illegal religion,” and God’s people were scattered abroad (Acts 8:1). Judaism, however, was regarded at that time as “legal,” as long as they obeyed Roman laws. Thus, during the apostolic era, Christians found it convenient to let the Roman authorities think of them as Jews, which gained them legitimacy with the Roman government. However, when the Jews rebelled against Rome, the Romans put down their rebellion by destroying Jerusalem in A.D. 70 and again in A.D. 135. Obviously, the Roman government’s suppression of the Jews made it increasingly uncomfortable for Christians to be thought of as Jewish. At that time, Sunday was the rest day of the Roman Empire, whose religion was Mithraism, a form of sun worship. Since Sabbath observance is visible to others, some Christians in the early second century sought to distance themselves from Judaism by observing a different day, thus “blending in” to the society around them.

During the Empire-wide Christian persecutions under Nero, Maximin, Diocletian, and Galerius, Sabbath-keeping Christians were hunted down, tortured, and, for sport, often used for entertainment in the Colisseum.

Constantine Made Sunday a Civil Rest Day

When Emperor Constantine I—a pagan sun-worshipper—came to power in A.D. 313, he legalized Christianity and made the first Sunday-keeping law. His infamous Sunday enforcement law of March 7, A.D. 321, reads as follows: “On the venerable Day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed.” (Codex Justinianus 3.12.3, trans. Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, 5th ed. (New York, 1902), 3:380, note 1.)

The Sunday law was officially confirmed by the Roman Papacy. The Council of Laodicea in A.D. 364 decreed, “Christians shall not Judaize and be idle on Saturday but shall work on that day; but the Lord’s day they shall especially honour, and, as being Christians, shall, if possible, do no work on that day. If, however, they are found Judaizing, they shall be shut out from Christ” (Strand, op. cit., citing Charles J. Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church, 2 [Edinburgh, 1876] 316).

Cardinal Gibbons, in Faith of Our Fathers, 92nd ed., p. 89, freely admits, “You may read the Bible from Genesis to Revelation, and you will not find a single line authorizing the sanctification of Sunday. The Scriptures enforce the religious observance of Saturday, a day which we [the Catholic Church] never sanctify.”

Again, “The Catholic Church, … by virtue of her divine mission, changed the day from Saturday to Sunday” (The Catholic Mirror, official publication of James Cardinal Gibbons, Sept. 23, 1893).

“Protestants do not realize that by observing Sunday, they accept the authority of the spokesperson of the Church, the Pope” (Our Sunday Visitor, February 5, 1950).

“Of course the Catholic Church claims that the change [Saturday Sabbath to Sunday] was her act… And the act is a mark of her ecclesiastical authority in religious things” (H.F. Thomas, Chancellor of Cardinal Gibbons).

“Sunday is our mark of authority… the church is above the Bible, and this transference of Sabbath observance is proof of that fact” (Catholic Record of London, Ontario Sept 1, 1923).

What a shocking admission!

A Prophecy Come to Pass!

At this point we need to note an amazing prophecy. Daniel 7:25 foretold, “And he shall speak great words against the most High, and shall wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change times and laws.” Quoting Daniel 7:25, Adam Clarke’s Commentary on the Bible says:

“He shall speak great words against the Most High] Literally, Sermones quasi Deus loquetur; “He shall speak as if he were God.” So Jerome quotes from Symmachus. To none can this apply so well or so fully as to the popes of Rome. They have assumed infallibility, which belongs only to God. They profess to forgive sins, which belongs only to God. They profess to open and shut heaven, which belongs only to God. They profess to be higher than all the kings of the earth, which belongs only to God. And they go beyond God in pretending to loose whole nations from their oath of allegiance to their kings, when such kings do not please them! And they go against God when they give indulgences for sin. This is the worst of all blasphemies!

And shall wear out the saints] By wars, crusades, massacres, inquisitions, and persecutions of all kinds. What in this way have they not done against all those who have protested against their innovations, and refused to submit to their idolatrous worship? Witness the exterminating crusades published against the Waldenses and Albigenses. Witness John Huss, and Jerome of Prague. Witness the Smithfield fires in England! Witness God and man against this bloody, persecuting, ruthless, and impure Church!

And think to change times and laws] Appointing fasts and feasts; canonizing persons whom he chooses to call saints; granting pardons and indulgences for sins; instituting new modes of worship utterly unknown to the Christian Church; new articles of faith; new rules of practice; and reversing, with pleasure, the laws both of God and man.–Dodd” (Emphasis his; Clarke’s Commentary on the Bible, Volume IV, p. 594).

Who Changed the Sabbath to Sunday?

Your Bible says, “But in vain [uselessness] they do worship Me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men” (Matthew 15:9; Mark 7:7).

Further, “To the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this word [the Bible], it is because there is no light in them” (Isaiah 8:20).

“Prove to me from the Bible alone that I am bound to keep Sunday holy. There is no such law in the Bible. It is a law of the Catholic Church alone. The Catholic Church says, by my divine power I abolish the Sabbath day and command you to keep holy the first day of the week. And lo! The entire civilized world bows down in reverent obedience to the command of the Holy Catholic Church” (Thomas Enright, CSSR, President, Redemptorist College [Roman Catholic], Kansas City, MO, Feb. 18, 1884).

“The Pope has power to change times, to abrogate laws, and to dispense with all things, even the precepts of Christ. The Pope has authority and has often exercised it, to dispense with the command of Christ” (Decretal, de Tranlatic Episcop).

The pope has changed the day of rest from the seventh to the first day.He has thought to change the very commandment that was given to cause man to remember his Creator.He has thought to change the greatest commandment in the Decalogue and thus make himself equal with God, or even exalt himself above God. The Lord is unchangeable, therefore His law is immutable; but the pope has exalted himself above God, in seeking to change His immutable precepts of holiness, justice, and goodness. He has trampled underfoot God’s sanctified day, and, on his own authority, put in its place one of the six laboring days. The whole nation has followed after the beast, and every week they rob God of His holy time. The pope has made a breach in the holy law of God, but I saw that the time had fully come for this breach to be made up by the people of God and the waste places built up.EW 65.1
I pleaded before the angel for God to save His people who had gone astray, to save them for His mercy’s sake. When the plagues begin to fall, those who continue to break the holy Sabbath will not open their mouths to plead those excuses that they now make to get rid of keeping it. Their mouths will be closed while the plagues are falling, and the great Lawgiver is requiring justice of those who have had His holy law in derision and have called it “a curse to man,” “miserable,” and “rickety.” When such feel the iron grasp of this law taking hold of them, these expressions will appear before them in living characters, and they will then realize the sin of having that law in derision which the Word of God calls “holy, just, and good.” EW 65.2
God is calling His people out of this erroneous organisation before her(Babylon, thus Vatican) complete fall as prophesied in revelation 18. “Revelation 18:4 And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come out of her, my people, that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye receive not of her plagues. 18:5 For her sins have reached unto heaven, and God hath remembered her iniquities.” “2 Corinthians 6:17 Wherefore come out from among them, and be ye separate, saith the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will receive you, 6:18 And will be a Father unto you, and ye shall be my sons and daughters, saith the Lord Almighty.” Jeremiah 51:45 My people, go ye out of the midst of her, and deliver ye every man his soul from the fierce anger of the LORD.
The Consequences for not Heeding God’s Last warning
Those who had not prized God’s Word were hurrying to and fro, wandering from sea to sea, and from the north to the east, to seek the Word of the Lord. Said the angel, “They shall not find it. There is a famine in the land; not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but for hearing the words of the Lord. What would they not give for one word of approval from God! but no, they must hunger and thirst on. Day after day have they slighted salvation, prizing earthly riches and earthly pleasure higher than any heavenly treasure or inducement. They have rejected Jesus and despised His saints. The filthy must remain filthy forever.” EW 281.2
Many of the wicked were greatly enraged as they suffered the effects of the plagues. It was a scene of fearful agony. Parents were bitterly reproaching their children, and children their parents, brothers their sisters, and sisters their brothers.Loud, wailing cries were heard in every direction, “It was you who kept me from receiving the truth which would have saved me from this awful hour.” The people turned upon their ministers with bitter hate and reproached them, saying, “You have not warned us. You told us that all the world was to be converted, and cried, Peace, peace, to quiet every fear that was aroused. You have not told us of this hour; and those who warned us of it you declared to be fanatics and evil men, who would ruin us.” But I saw that the ministers did not escape the wrath of God.Their suffering was tenfold greater than that of their people. EW 282.1
Would you heed God’s call and come out of Babylon or reject and share Babylon’s fate(the seven last plagues and perdition) ?? Would you choose eternal life? The choice is in your hands.
EW: Early Writings
CHANGE OF SABBATH, END TIME DECEPTIONS, SIGNS OF THE END, SIGNS OF THE TIMES, SUNDAY DECEPTION, VATICAN
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Shabbat was changed by Roman Church

SECTIONS Signs of the end Coming Sunday Crisis Steps to Christ Book of Daniel Bible Study Devotion Book of Revelations Catholic Church Remnant Church Days of Lot Ellen White The Great Controversy The Man Of Sin The Mark Of The Beast Saturday Sabbath World News The Trinity Present Truth Present day signs of the times UPLOAD 6 months ago 6 months ago SUNDAY DECEPTION Vatican admits the change of Sabbath was their act not the Bible 8 min by Samuel Owusu 6 months ago6 months ago 18 1.5k shares Rome’s biggest challenge “Prove to me from the Bible alone that I am bound to keep Sunday holy. There is no such law in the Bible. It is a law of the Catholic Church alone. The Catholic Church says, by my divine power I abolish the Sabbath day and command you to keep holy the first day of the week. And lo! The entire civilized world bows down in reverent obedience to the command of the Holy Catholic Church” (Thomas Enright, CSSR, President, Redemptorist College [Roman Catholic], Kansas City, MO, Feb. 18, 1884). There can be no doubt that Christ, His disciples, and the first-century Christians kept Saturday, the seventh-day Sabbath. Yet, today, most of the Christian professing world keeps Sunday, the first day of the week, calling it the Sabbath. Who made this change, and how did it occur? No serious student of the Scriptures can deny that God instituted the Sabbath at creation and designated the seventh day to be kept holy. “And on the seventh day God ended His work which He had made; and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had made. And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it He had rested from all His work which God created and made” (Genesis 2:2–3). It was later codified as the Fourth Commandment (Exodus 20:8–11). The Word of God makes it expressly clear that Sabbath observance is a special sign or “mark” between God and His people. There is also no uncertainty that Christ, His disciples, and the first-century Christians kept the seventh-day Sabbath as commanded—the day we now call “Saturday” (Mark 2:28; Luke 4:16). Is There Any Biblical Support for Sunday Observance? There is absolutely no New Testament text stating that God, Jesus, or the apostles changed the Sabbath to Sunday—not a text, not a word, not even a hint or suggestion. If there were, those chapters and verses would be loudly heralded by Sabbath opposers. Had Paul or any other apostle taught a change from Sabbath to Sunday, the first day of the week, an absolute firestorm of protest would have arisen from conservative Jewish Christians. The Pharisees and scribes would have insisted that Paul or any other person even suggesting such a thing be stoned to death for the sin of Sabbath-breaking. This would have been a much larger issue than the controversy over circumcision! The self-righteous Pharisees had already falsely accused Christ of breaking the Sabbath because He violated the added man-made rules and traditions they placed upon the Sabbath (Mark 2:24). The total absence of any such controversy over a change in the day of worship is one of the best evidences showing the apostles and other New Testament Christians did notchange the day. On the contrary, we have a record of many Sabbaths that Paul and his traveling companions kept long after the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Read of them in your own Bible in Acts 13:14, 27, 42–44; 15:21; 16:13; 17:2; and 18:4. Acts 13:42–44 is especially significant in that Paul and Barnabas, when speaking at a Jewish synagogue, were invited to speak again the nextSabbath. This would have been Paul’s golden opportunity to tell the people to meet with him the next day rather than waiting a whole week for the Sabbath. But, “on the next Sabbath almost the whole city [Jews and Gentiles alike] gathered to hear the word of the Lord.” Yet today, most of the Christian professing world keeps Sunday, the first day of the week, calling it the Sabbath. The question arises then, who changed the Sabbath to Sunday, and how did it occur? The answer may amaze you! Biblical Testimony The New Testament plainly shows we are to continue keeping the commandments (Mathew 5:17–18; 19:17; 28:20)—all ten of them. Where, then, do men get the “authority” to change the Fourth Commandment by substituting Sunday for the original Sabbath Christ and the apostles kept? The Bible prophesied many centuries earlier that the time would come when men would think to change times and laws (Daniel 7:25). Many Bible prophecies are “dual” in nature—that is, they have a type and antitype, an earlier and a later fulfillment. Though speaking specifically of the soon-coming antichrist, we can see the forerunner type documented in history. The Watering Down of the Sabbath in the First 300 Years The Christians during the apostolic era, from about 35 to 100 A.D., kept Sabbath on the designated seventh day of the week. For the first 300 years of Christian history, when the Roman emperors regarded themselves as gods, Christianity became an “illegal religion,” and God’s people were scattered abroad (Acts 8:1). Judaism, however, was regarded at that time as “legal,” as long as they obeyed Roman laws. Thus, during the apostolic era, Christians found it convenient to let the Roman authorities think of them as Jews, which gained them legitimacy with the Roman government. However, when the Jews rebelled against Rome, the Romans put down their rebellion by destroying Jerusalem in A.D. 70 and again in A.D. 135. Obviously, the Roman government’s suppression of the Jews made it increasingly uncomfortable for Christians to be thought of as Jewish. At that time, Sunday was the rest day of the Roman Empire, whose religion was Mithraism, a form of sun worship. Since Sabbath observance is visible to others, some Christians in the early second century sought to distance themselves from Judaism by observing a different day, thus “blending in” to the society around them. During the Empire-wide Christian persecutions under Nero, Maximin, Diocletian, and Galerius, Sabbath-keeping Christians were hunted down, tortured, and, for sport, often used for entertainment in the Colisseum. Constantine Made Sunday a Civil Rest Day When Emperor Constantine I—a pagan sun-worshipper—came to power in A.D. 313, he legalized Christianity and made the first Sunday-keeping law. His infamous Sunday enforcement law of March 7, A.D. 321, reads as follows: “On the venerable Day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed.” (Codex Justinianus 3.12.3, trans. Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, 5th ed. (New York, 1902), 3:380, note 1.) The Sunday law was officially confirmed by the Roman Papacy. The Council of Laodicea in A.D. 364 decreed, “Christians shall not Judaize and be idle on Saturday but shall work on that day; but the Lord’s day they shall especially honour, and, as being Christians, shall, if possible, do no work on that day. If, however, they are found Judaizing, they shall be shut out from Christ” (Strand, op. cit., citing Charles J. Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church, 2 [Edinburgh, 1876] 316). Cardinal Gibbons, in Faith of Our Fathers, 92nd ed., p. 89, freely admits, “You may read the Bible from Genesis to Revelation, and you will not find a single line authorizing the sanctification of Sunday. The Scriptures enforce the religious observance of Saturday, a day which we [the Catholic Church] never sanctify.” Again, “The Catholic Church, … by virtue of her divine mission, changed the day from Saturday to Sunday” (The Catholic Mirror, official publication of James Cardinal Gibbons, Sept. 23, 1893). “Protestants do not realize that by observing Sunday, they accept the authority of the spokesperson of the Church, the Pope” (Our Sunday Visitor, February 5, 1950). “Of course the Catholic Church claims that the change [Saturday Sabbath to Sunday] was her act… And the act is a mark of her ecclesiastical authority in religious things” (H.F. Thomas, Chancellor of Cardinal Gibbons). “Sunday is our mark of authority… the church is above the Bible, and this transference of Sabbath observance is proof of that fact” (Catholic Record of London, Ontario Sept 1, 1923). What a shocking admission! A Prophecy Come to Pass! At this point we need to note an amazing prophecy. Daniel 7:25 foretold, “And he shall speak great words against the most High, and shall wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change times and laws.” Quoting Daniel 7:25, Adam Clarke’s Commentary on the Bible says: “He shall speak great words against the Most High] Literally, Sermones quasi Deus loquetur; “He shall speak as if he were God.” So Jerome quotes from Symmachus. To none can this apply so well or so fully as to the popes of Rome. They have assumed infallibility, which belongs only to God. They profess to forgive sins, which belongs only to God. They profess to open and shut heaven, which belongs only to God. They profess to be higher than all the kings of the earth, which belongs only to God. And they go beyond God in pretending to loose whole nations from their oath of allegiance to their kings, when such kings do not please them! And they go against God when they give indulgences for sin. This is the worst of all blasphemies! And shall wear out the saints] By wars, crusades, massacres, inquisitions, and persecutions of all kinds. What in this way have they not done against all those who have protested against their innovations, and refused to submit to their idolatrous worship? Witness the exterminating crusades published against the Waldenses and Albigenses. Witness John Huss, and Jerome of Prague. Witness the Smithfield fires in England! Witness God and man against this bloody, persecuting, ruthless, and impure Church! And think to change times and laws] Appointing fasts and feasts; canonizing persons whom he chooses to call saints; granting pardons and indulgences for sins; instituting new modes of worship utterly unknown to the Christian Church; new articles of faith; new rules of practice; and reversing, with pleasure, the laws both of God and man.–Dodd” (Emphasis his; Clarke’s Commentary on the Bible, Volume IV, p. 594). Who Changed the Sabbath to Sunday? Your Bible says, “But in vain [uselessness] they do worship Me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men” (Matthew 15:9; Mark 7:7). Further, “To the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this word [the Bible], it is because there is no light in them” (Isaiah 8:20). “Prove to me from the Bible alone that I am bound to keep Sunday holy. There is no such law in the Bible. It is a law of the Catholic Church alone. The Catholic Church says, by my divine power I abolish the Sabbath day and command you to keep holy the first day of the week. And lo! The entire civilized world bows down in reverent obedience to the command of the Holy Catholic Church” (Thomas Enright, CSSR, President, Redemptorist College [Roman Catholic], Kansas City, MO, Feb. 18, 1884). “The Pope has power to change times, to abrogate laws, and to dispense with all things, even the precepts of Christ. The Pope has authority and has often exercised it, to dispense with the command of Christ” (Decretal, de Tranlatic Episcop). The pope has changed the day of rest from the seventh to the first day.He has thought to change the very commandment that was given to cause man to remember his Creator.He has thought to change the greatest commandment in the Decalogue and thus make himself equal with God, or even exalt himself above God. The Lord is unchangeable, therefore His law is immutable; but the pope has exalted himself above God, in seeking to change His immutable precepts of holiness, justice, and goodness. He has trampled underfoot God’s sanctified day, and, on his own authority, put in its place one of the six laboring days. The whole nation has followed after the beast, and every week they rob God of His holy time. The pope has made a breach in the holy law of God, but I saw that the time had fully come for this breach to be made up by the people of God and the waste places built up.EW 65.1 I pleaded before the angel for God to save His people who had gone astray, to save them for His mercy’s sake. When the plagues begin to fall, those who continue to break the holy Sabbath will not open their mouths to plead those excuses that they now make to get rid of keeping it. Their mouths will be closed while the plagues are falling, and the great Lawgiver is requiring justice of those who have had His holy law in derision and have called it “a curse to man,” “miserable,” and “rickety.” When such feel the iron grasp of this law taking hold of them, these expressions will appear before them in living characters, and they will then realize the sin of having that law in derision which the Word of God calls “holy, just, and good.” EW 65.2 God is calling His people out of this erroneous organisation before her(Babylon, thus Vatican) complete fall as prophesied in revelation 18. “Revelation 18:4 And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come out of her, my people, that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye receive not of her plagues. 18:5 For her sins have reached unto heaven, and God hath remembered her iniquities.” “2 Corinthians 6:17 Wherefore come out from among them, and be ye separate, saith the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will receive you, 6:18 And will be a Father unto you, and ye shall be my sons and daughters, saith the Lord Almighty.” Jeremiah 51:45 My people, go ye out of the midst of her, and deliver ye every man his soul from the fierce anger of the LORD. The Consequences for not Heeding God’s Last warning Those who had not prized God’s Word were hurrying to and fro, wandering from sea to sea, and from the north to the east, to seek the Word of the Lord. Said the angel, “They shall not find it. There is a famine in the land; not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but for hearing the words of the Lord. What would they not give for one word of approval from God! but no, they must hunger and thirst on. Day after day have they slighted salvation, prizing earthly riches and earthly pleasure higher than any heavenly treasure or inducement. They have rejected Jesus and despised His saints. The filthy must remain filthy forever.” EW 281.2 Many of the wicked were greatly enraged as they suffered the effects of the plagues. It was a scene of fearful agony. Parents were bitterly reproaching their children, and children their parents, brothers their sisters, and sisters their brothers.Loud, wailing cries were heard in every direction, “It was you who kept me from receiving the truth which would have saved me from this awful hour.” The people turned upon their ministers with bitter hate and reproached them, saying, “You have not warned us. You told us that all the world was to be converted, and cried, Peace, peace, to quiet every fear that was aroused. You have not told us of this hour; and those who warned us of it you declared to be fanatics and evil men, who would ruin us.” But I saw that the ministers did not escape the wrath of God.Their suffering was tenfold greater than that of their people. EW 282.1 Would you heed God’s call and come out of Babylon or reject and share Babylon’s fate(the seven last plagues and perdition) ?? Would you choose eternal life? The choice is in your hands. EW: Early Writings CHANGE OF SABBATH, END TIME DECEPTIONS, SIGNS OF THE END, SIGNS OF THE TIMES, SUNDAY DECEPTION, VATICAN LIKE IT? SHARE WITH YOUR FRIENDS! 1.5k shares 175 MORE FROM: SUNDAY DECEPTION 1.6k01447 SUNDAY DECEPTIONBIBLE STUDY, END TIME DECEPTIONS, FALSE DOCTRINES, LAST DAY DECEPTIONS, STORY, SUNDAY DECEPTION, WINE OF BABYLON ALL Sunday Churches Admit Saturday is the Bible Sabbath by Samuel Owusu 3 months ago2 months ago 93101357 SUNDAY DECEPTIONEND TIME DECEPTIONS, ILLUMINATI, NEW WORLD ORDER, SIGNS OF THE END, SUNDAY DECEPTION, VIDEO Beyonce and the Occult Religion of Babylon-NWO by Samuel Owusu 4 months ago4 months ago 88101717 SUNDAY DECEPTIONCATHOLIC CHURCH, END TIME DECEPTIONS, SIGNS OF THE END, STORY, SUNDAY DECEPTION Vatican Declares Mary is Worthy of Worship and Jesus is NOT the Only way to Heaven by Samuel Owusu 4 months ago4 months ago 84801717 SUNDAY DECEPTIONCATHOLIC CHURCH, END TIME DECEPTIONS, SIGNS OF THE END, STORY, SUNDAY DECEPTION Vatican Declares Mary is Worthy of Worship and Jesus is NOT the Only way to Heaven by Samuel Owusu 4 months ago4 months ago 1.5k01457 SUNDAY DECEPTIONCATHOLIC CHURCH, END TIME DECEPTIONS, LAST DAY DECEPTIONS, PAPACY, STORY, SUNDAY DECEPTION, THE VATICAN Vatican Declares: The Catholic Church Is Above The Bible by Samuel Owusu 4 months ago4 months ago 71301797 SUNDAY DECEPTIONCHANGE OF SABBATH, COMING SUNDAY CRISIS, END TIME DECEPTIONS, FALSE DOCTRINES, LAST DAY EVENTS, STORY, SUNDAY DECEPTION Protestants who accept Sunday rather than Saturday are accepting the authority of the Pope by Samuel Owusu 4 months ago4 months ago GET THE NEWSLETTER LIKE WHAT YOU'RE READING? subscribe to our top stories First Name Last Name Email address: Your email address SIGN UP Don't worry, we don't spam DISCLAIMERTERMS OF USEPRIVACY POLICYCONTACT US © 2018 All Rights Reserved We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. 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Tuesday, November 6, 2018

Sejarah kata "TUHAN" berdasarkan Sejarah Ilmu Bahasa dan Budaya Melayu atau Indonesia

SuntingPantau halaman iniBaca dalam bahasa lain

Tuhan

Sesuatu yang diyakini, dipuja, dan disembah oleh manusia sebagai yang Mahakuasa, Mahaperkasa, dsb.

Tuhan dipahami sebagai Roh Mahakuasa dan asas dari suatu kepercayaan.^[1] Tidak ada kesepakatan bersama mengenai konsep ketuhanan, sehingga ada berbagai konsep ketuhanan meliputi teisme, deisme, panteisme, dan lain-lain. Dalam pandangan teisme, Tuhan merupakan pencipta sekaligus pengatur segala kejadian di alam semesta. Menurut deisme, Tuhan merupakan pencipta alam semesta, namun tidak ikut campur dalam kejadian di alam semesta. Menurut panteisme, Tuhan merupakan alam semesta itu sendiri. Para cendekiawan menganggap berbagai sifat-sifat Tuhan berasal dari konsep ketuhanan yang berbeda-beda. Yang paling umum, di antaranya adalah Mahatahu (mengetahui segalanya), Mahakuasa (memiliki kekuasaan tak terbatas), Mahaada (hadir di mana pun), Mahamulia (mengandung segala sifat-sifat baik yang sempurna), tak ada yang setara dengan-Nya, serta bersifat kekal abadi. Penganut monoteisme percaya bahwa Tuhan hanya ada satu, serta tidak berwujud (tanpa materi), memiliki pribadi, sumber segala kewajiban moral, dan "hal terbesar yang dapat direnungkan".^[1] Banyak filsuf abad pertengahan dan modern terkemuka yang mengembangkan argumen untuk mendukung dan membantah keberadaan Tuhan.^[2]

Ada banyak nama untuk menyebut Tuhan, dan nama yang berbeda-beda melekat pada gagasan kultural tentang sosok Tuhan dan sifat-sifat apa yang dimilikinya. Atenisme pada zaman Mesir Kuno, kemungkinan besar merupakan agama monoteistis tertua yang pernah tercatat dalam sejarah yang mengajarkan Tuhan sejati dan pencipta alam semesta,^[3]yang disebut Aten.^[4] Kalimat "Aku adalah Aku" dalam Alkitab Ibrani, dan "Tetragrammaton" YHVH digunakan sebagai nama Tuhan, sedangkan Yahweh, dan Yehuwa kadangkala digunakan dalam agama Kristensebagai hasil vokalisasi dari YHVH. Dalam bahasa Arab, nama Allahdigunakan, dan karena predominansi Islam di antara para penutur bahasa Arab, maka nama Allah memiliki konotasi dengan kepercayaan dan kebudayaan Islam. Umat muslimmengenal 99 nama suci bagi Allah, sedangkan umat Yahudi biasanya menyebut Tuhan dengan gelar Elohimatau Adonai (nama yang kedua dipercaya oleh sejumlah pakar berasal dari bahasa Mesir Kuno, Aten).^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Dalam agama Hindu, Brahman biasanya dianggap sebagai Tuhan monistis.^[10] Agama-agama lainnya memiliki panggilan untuk Tuhan, di antaranya: Baha dalam agama Baha'i,^[11] Waheguru dalam Sikhisme,^[12] dan Ahura Mazda dalam Zoroastrianisme.^[13]

Banyaknya konsep tentang Tuhan dan pertentangan satu sama lain dalam hal sifat, maksud, dan tindakan Tuhan, telah mengarah pada munculnya pemikiran-pemikiran seperti omniteisme, pandeisme,^[14]^[15] atau filsafat Perennial, yang menganggap adanya satu kebenaran teologis yang mendasari segalanya, yang diamati oleh berbagai agama dalam sudut pandang yang berbeda-beda, maka sesungguhnya agama-agama di dunia menyembah satu Tuhan yang sama, namun melalui konsep dan pencitraan mental yang berbeda-beda mengenai-Nya.^[16]

Etimologi dan terminologiSunting

Kata Tuhan dalam bahasa Melayu kini berasal dari kata tuan. Buku pertama yang memberi keterangan tentang hubungan kata tuan dan Tuhan adalah Ensiklopedi Populer Gereja oleh Adolf Heuken SJ (1976). Menurut buku tersebut, arti kata Tuhan ada hubungannya dengan kata Melayu tuan yang berarti atasan/penguasa/pemilik.^[17] Kata "tuan" ditujukan kepada manusia, atau hal-hal lain yang memiliki sifat menguasai, memiliki, atau memelihara. Digunakan pula untuk menyebut seseorang yang memiliki derajat yang lebih tinggi, atau seseorang yang dihormati. Penggunaannya lumrah digunakan bersama-sama dengan disertakan dengan kata lain mengikuti kata "tuan" itu sendiri, dimisalkan pada kata "tuan rumah" atau "tuan tanah" dan lain sebagainya. Kata ini biasanya digunakan dalam konteks selain keagamaan yang bersifat ketuhanan.^[18]

Ahli bahasa Remy Sylado menemukan bahwa perubahan kata "tuan" yang bersifat insani, menjadi "Tuhan" yang bersifat ilahi, bermula dari terjemahan Alkitab ke dalam bahasa Melayu karya Melchior Leijdecker yang terbit pada tahun 1733.^[19]^[20] Dalam terjemahan sebelumnya, yaitu kitab suci Nasrani bahasa Melayu beraksara Latin terjemahan Brouwerius yang muncul pada tahun 1668, kata yang dalam bahasa Yunaninya, Kyrios, dan sebutan yang diperuntukkan bagi Isa Almasih ini diterjemahkannya menjadi "tuan". Kata yang diterjemahkan oleh Brouwerius sebagai "Tuan"—sama dengan bahasa Portugis Senhor, Perancis Seigneur, Inggris Lord, Belanda Heere—melalui Leijdecker berubah menjadi "Tuhan" dan kemudian, penerjemah Alkitab bahasa Melayu melanjutkan penemuan Leijdecker tersebut. Kini kata Tuhan yang awalnya ditemukan oleh Leijdecker untuk mewakili dua pengertian pelik insani dan ilahi dalam teologi Kristen atas sosok Isa Almasih akhirnya menjadi lema khas dalam bahasa Indonesia.^[19] Di dalam Alkitab Terjemahan Baru (1974), kata Tuhan (dan keluarga katanya, mis. Tuhanku) disebutkan sebanyak 7677 kali dalam 6510 ayat di seluruh protokanonikaPerjanjian Lama (Ibrani) dan Perjanjian Baru (Yunani).^[21] Kata ini paling sering digunakan untuk menerjemahkan kata Kurios (Yunani) dan Adonai (Ibrani). Selain itu, khusus untuk menerjemahkan Tetragrammaton YHWH, penerjemah TB dalam edisi cetak menggunakan huruf kapital (smallcaps) Tuhan, mengikuti tradisi terjemahan yang sudah ada^[22], misalnya dalam Kejadian 2:4, "Demikianlah riwayat langit dan bumi pada waktu diciptakan. Ketika TuhanAllah (YHWH Elohim) menjadikan bumi dan langit, --".^[23] (Namun untuk menulis "Adonai YHWH" digunakan "Tuhan Allah", misalnya dalam Yesaya 61:1, "Roh Tuhan ALLAH ada padaku, oleh karena TUHAN telah mengurapi aku; Ia telah mengutus aku untuk menyampaikan kabar baik kepada orang-orang sengsara, dan merawat orang-orang yang remuk hati, untuk memberitakan pembebasan kepada orang-orang tawanan, dan kepada orang-orang yang terkurung kelepasan dari penjara,")

Dalam bahasa Indonesia modern, kata "Tuhan" pada umumnya dipakai untuk merujuk kepada suatu Dzat abadi dan supernatural. Dalam konteks rumpun agama samawi, kata Tuhan (dengan huruf T besar) hampir selalu mengacu pada Allah, yang diyakini sebagai Dzat yang Maha sempurna, pemilik langit dan bumi yang disembah manusia. Dalam bahasa Arab kata ini sepadan dengan kata rabb. Menurut Ibnu Atsir, Tuhan dan tuan secara bahasa diartikan pemilik, penguasa, pengatur, pembina, pengurus dan pemberi nikmat.^[24] Kata Tuhan disebutkan lebih dari 1.000 kali dalam Al-Qur'an,^[25]. Dalam monoteisme, biasanya dikatakan bahwa Tuhan mengawasi dan memerintah manusiadan alam semesta atau jagat raya. Hal ini bisa juga digunakan untuk merujuk kepada beberapa konsep-konsep yang mirip dengan ini, misalnya sebuah bentuk energi atau kesadaran yang merasuki seluruh alam semesta, yang keberadaan-Nya membuat alam semesta ada; sumber segala yang ada; kebajikan yang terbaik dan tertinggi dalam semua makhluk hidup; atau apa pun yang tak bisa dimengerti atau dijelaskan.

Di dalam bahasa Melayu atau bahasa Indonesia, dua konsep atau nama yang berhubungan dengan ketuhanan, yaitu: Tuhan sendiri, dan dewa. Penganut monoteismebiasanya menolak menggunakan kata dewa, karena merujuk kepada entitas-entitas dalam agama politeistis. Meskipun demikian, penggunaan kata dewa pernah digunakan sebelum penggunaan kata Tuhan. Dalam Prasasti Trengganu, prasasti tertua di dalam bahasa Melayu yang ditulis menggunakan huruf Arab (huruf Jawi) menyebut Sang Dewata Mulia Raya. Dewata yang dikenal orang Melayu berasal dari kata devata, sebagai hasil penyebaran agama Hindu-Buddha di Nusantara. Bagaimanapun, pada masa kini, pengertian istilah Tuhan digunakan untuk merujuk Tuhan yang tunggal, sementara dewa dianggap mengandung arti salah satu dari banyak Tuhan sehingga cenderung mengacu kepada politeisme. Selain itu dalam teks terkadang juga digunakan kata "tuhan" dengan huruf kecil (mirip dengan kata "allah" dengan huruf kecil), terutama ketika memperbandingkan antara Tuhan Allah yang esa dengan tuhan (tuan) yang lain, misalnya dalam Ulangan 10:17: "Sebab TUHAN, Allahmulah Allah segala allah dan Tuhan segala tuhan, Allah yang besar, kuat dan dahsyat, yang tidak memandang bulu ataupun menerima suap; " 1 Korintus 8:5, dan Mazmur 136:3

Sumber:

https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhan

Early Christian Era

EARLY CHRISTIANITY ERA WINE-JUG WORKSHOP UNEARTHED IN CENTRAL ISRAEL

Relics from a large-scale wine jug workshop that dates back around 1,800 years have been uncovered in modern day 'Gedera' ("גדרה"), in Central Israel.

According to archaeologists the factory dates back to the 3rd century and was active for around 600 years, making vessels for storing wine that were popular export items during the Roman and Byzantine times.

The Jerusalem Post / JPost.com
https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Early-Christianity-era-wine-jug-workshop-unearthed-in-central-Israel-563866?fbclid=IwAR1dPNddQ_qFAkXKt3O-Zsv-NalG7CbNxRj_9-4cW8-EW97OY3K8AXGSzkQ

For the article from "the drinks business" magazine:
https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2018/08/ancient-wine-jar-factory-found-in-isreal/

Monday, November 5, 2018

Vatikan Dan Uskup Yang Gagal Paham

Vatikan Dan Uskup Yang Gagal Paham
🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣

Para uskup di Vatikan menyerukan agar Israel tidak disebut "Negara Orang-Orang Yahudi"

Apa urusanmu Bror Paus,dan Vatikan dasar otak eror, Para uskup menyerukan hukum di mana Israel mengidentifikasi dirinya sebagai negara Yahudi.,suka gue mau menyebut Negara Yahudi ke Israel ke...itu hak kami kenapa kau yang sevot?? Dasar Goyim( kafir tulen).🤣🤣

Majelis Ordinari Katolik Tanah Suci hari ini meminta Israel untuk membatalkan Hukum Negara Nasional, yang disetujui pada 19 Juli dan yang mengakui identitas Yahudi negara tersebut.

Kontroversi normatif, dengan peringkat konstitusional, memberikan hak untuk menentukan nasib sendiri di Israel kepada kolektif Yahudi, di samping mengasingkan bahasa bahasa resmi menjadi satu dengan kategori khusus.

"Kita harus menyebut perhatian pihak berwenang terhadap fakta sederhana: umat kita yang setia, orang Kristen, sesama warga negara kita, Muslim, Druze dan Baha'i, kita semua yang adalah orang Arab, tidak kurang warga negara ini daripada saudara-saudara Yahudi kita."

mendeklarasikan Majelis dalam sebuah pernyataan.

Sekelompok para uskup Tanah Suci menuntut agar Israel berhenti menampilkan diri sebagai "Negara Orang Yahudi" karena "Kristen, Muslim, Druze, Baharian dan Yahudi meminta untuk diperlakukan sebagai warga negara yang setara" di negara itu.

Deklarasi, yang diterbitkan di Vatikan dengan tanda tangan Ordinari Katolik Tanah Suci, menambahkan bahwa kesetaraan ini harus mencakup "pengakuan terhormat identitas sipil (Israel), etnis (Arab Palestina) dan agama (Kristen) kita, serta individu-individu. sebagai komunitas. "

Dengan cara ini, eklesiastik kembali menentang Undang-Undang Negara Nasional yang disetujui oleh Parlemen Israel pada 19 Juli lalu, yang menetapkan identitas Yahudi secara eksklusif kepada negara tersebut.

Pernyataan itu diterbitkan oleh surat kabar Negara Vatikan, L'Osservatore Romano, dan direplikasi oleh agensi Ansa.

"Kita harus meminta perhatian pihak berwenang atas sebuah fakta sederhana: orang-orang yang setia, Kristen, sesama warga, Muslim, Druze dan Bahari, kita semua orang Arab, tidak kurang warga negara ini daripada saudara-saudara Yahudi kita," kata teks itu.

Kontroversi normatif, dengan peringkat konstitusional, memberikan hak untuk menentukan nasib sendiri di Israel hanya untuk kolektif Yahudi, di samping untuk merendahkan bahasa Arab dari bahasa resmi menjadi satu dengan kategori khusus.

Minoritas Arab Israel (20% dari populasi, mereka yang tetap di Israel setelah Perang Arab-Israel pertama, konsekuensi dari pendirian Negara pada tahun 1948, dan keturunan mereka), Druze dan komunitas lain menganggap undang-undang ini diskriminatif. .

The Liberal World - The avant-garde
Shalom Aleichem 🇮🇱❤️

Cohen AW 🇮🇱❤️🇲🇨

PAUL saw third Heaven

WHO IS THE MAN WHOM PAUL THE APOSTLE SAW BEING CAUGHT UP IN THE THIRD HEAVEN : PART 2

THE UNSPEAKABLE THINGS WHICH THE MAN HEARD.

BY BROTHER NKULULEKO ISRAELI SITHOLE.

Blessed be the Name of the Lord Jesus Christ, let us Now Go deeper in this Issue, what are the unspeakable things which this Man heard, we now who the Man is, and we have perfectly Identified him, and he is not Paul as Many people believes, but he is John the Apostle, so then what are the Unspeakable things which John the Apostle Heard, thats what we want to see now in this study, let me say this, the unspeakable things which John heard in the Third Heaven after he was Caught up in Revelation 4 verse 1 are the prophetic Imageries and Symbols which he was shown, now the book of Revelation is Broken down into Three sections, the first Section gives us the vision of the Christ, the second section gives us the Condition of the Seven church ages, and the Third Section gives us the future Events, so one of those sections gives us the unspeakable things, and that is the Third Section of that Book, why do i say, because when John Saw the events of the First and the second section his spirit was still not caught up, though he was in that prophetic experience but his spirit was not Caught up, so revelation chapter 1 up to chapter 3 they are not unspeakable things, the unspeakable things begins in chapter 4 verse 1, why because thats were John was Caught up into paradise in the third Heaven, and from then on he Heard unspeakable things, which in the days of the Apostles were not ready to be revealed, the book of Revelation is divine and prophetic, and thats why Many people cannot interpret it, and in the Days of Paul, those deep prophetic Symbols which this Book projects were not known, they were still a Mystery, they were not to be spoken or recorded at that hour, thats why paul said it was unlawful for a Man to utter, and as i have said, it doesnt mean they were not to be known totally, but it means at that particular Junction they were not to be revealed to the Church, thats why in the epistles we dont see those Mysteries being Revealed, the Apostles dealt with Many Revelations which pertains to salvation but there is one Revelation which they didnt record, and that is the Revelation of Jesus Christ which was given to John, and it is that Revelation of Jesus Christ which John recieved at patmos that Constitutes of the unspeakable things, why are they unspeakable things, they are unspeakable things because they are Prophetic coded Mysteries which no man can decode unless he is Led by the spirit of God, and indeed the Book of Revelation has been an unspeakable book in the bible, because Many saints Down through Time Failed to understand the Context of this Book, and thats why it is Rare that you can find any preacher preaching or teaching on this Book and even if you can find them, you will see that they are Misinterpreting the picture and doing a Great injustice to the Book, why, because it is a Book which Containts unspeakable images, many people when they read of The Dragon with seven heads and ten horns, their Minds become Paralysed, because they cant make any meaning out of that, what about the sea of Glass, they dont know what that sea is, what are about the Image of the Beast, many dont know what this image is, so what does that make all these images, it makes them to be unspeakable things as they cannot be interpreted or comprehended by carnal Christians who are devoid of Revelation, so because of that then this Revelation becomes an unspeakable Revelataion, but it is unspeakable to those who dont have its Revelation, but to the bride this Revelation it is speakable, it is understood, thats why it is only the Bride which can interpret the Contents of this Book, because they have its full revelation, but the rest of the Church world Nominal Christians cannot even understand the Iota of this Revelation, for remember the Lord Jesus said, it is given to you to understand the Mysteries of the Kingdom, but not to them, which not the church Apostate world, the Church Apostate world will not understand the word of God as the bride do, because the bride is in the Secret chamber with the Lord intimating with him through Divine Revelation and in that secret chamber this Book of Revelation becomes an open book to the Bride, and as we speak today this Book is an Open Book, we no Longer scratch our heads as to the Meaning of this book, because we have the full Revelation of it, we are deeply basking in its Revelation, this Book is the Bones of the word of God, remember we have the Milk of the word which is the Basic Message of Salvation, we have the Meat of the word which is the doctrines that anchors us in truth, then lastly we have the bone of the word which is mysteries of the word and the Book of Revelation is the bone of the word, and no Man can crack the Bone except he Is Matured, you cannot be still feeding on a milk and Expect to crack the bones of divine Revelation, you will destroy yourself, so thats why no man can Crack the Bone of the Book of Revelation except the bride of jesus christ, iam not talking about the Falss bride which cannot move in the Present truth, iam talking about the Moving bride, the bride which is in motion under the spirit of a flying Eagle, the bride which moves in the Continuity of the word of God, the little flock of God which is the Church established upon the Rock of Revealed truth, and it is only that little element that can understand this Deep revelation which to some it is unspeakable, but to the bride it is speakable, and it can only be speakable when we have its Revelation, but if we dont we will be like the rest of the Church world who cannot even interpret correctly one scripture of this book, because they are shut off from the fountain of Divine Revelation which gives life to the soul, but the bride of Jesus Christ is Basking in the Pool of Divine revelation under the spirit of an eagle, let us take 2 Corinthians 12 verse 4,

VERSE 4: HOW THAT HE WAS CAUGHT UP INTO PARADISE AND HEARD UNSPEAKABLE WORDS, WHICH IT IS NOT LAWFUL FOR A MAN TO UTTER,

these unspeakable words or things as we have shown are the Imageries of the Book of Revelation, and prior to John being given this Revelation these things were not known, so thats why Paul could say he Heard unspeakable things which were not lawful to be uttered, which means in his own season it was not the time or the hour to be uttered, but for the Fact that the Man Heard these things it showed that in the process of time christ was going to make them known, because the secrets of the Lord are with his People, and in the process these unspeakable things were to be recorded, but since this Man was not Paul then it was not him who was ordained to write them down, thats why we dont have any Record of them in his epistles except the Revelation of Salvation, but after he departed, God had to deal with another Vessel through which he will reveal those unspeakable things Fulfilling the Vision of Paul to the dot, and thats what Revelation gives us, showing that the Man that was Caught up was John and not Paul, and Revelation 4 verse 1 is the Pure evidence to prove that, now as i have said the Book of Revelation is divided into three Sections and we is important that we Look at these sections in Chapter 1 verse 19,

VERSE 19: WRITE THE THINGS WHICH THOU HAST SEEN, AND THE THINGS WHICH ARE, AND THE THINGS WHICH SHALL BE HEREAFTER,

The things which John Hast seen are Things Recorded in chapter 1 which is the vision of Christ, the things which Are, are the things which are Recorded in chapter 2 and 3 being the church ages, and the things which shall be hereafter are the things which saw when he was Caught up in chapter 4 verse 1 and they extend up until chapter 22, so the Vision of Paul is fulfilled when John Saw the things which shall be Hereafter, because those one's are too deep and Coded and mysterious, and they are the one's which confuses the Church world, because from chapter 4 we get upwards we get The seals, we get the Lamb having seven horns and seven eyes, we get the dragon with seven heada and ten horns, we get the seven Thunders, we get the seven trumpets, we get the Sea of Glass, we get the 144000, we get the everlasting gospel, we get the new Jerusalem, we get the New heaven and the New Earth, and many More mysterious things, those are the things which paul Says they were unspeakable, but John Wrote them, and even though they are written, but they are still coded, because many people dont even understand them, so they are Coded and Sealed to many, now there is another thing which John Heard and Saw but he didnt write, and that is not part of the records of the Book of Revelation and that is the Voices of the seven Thunders, the thumders are not written so those one's John was not even Lawful to write or utter, so they remain a Mystery, bur the Rest were revealed but still coded, John Saw the New Jerusalem, though it is Revealed as the City but it is Coded to many as they project a Falss interpretation out of that City making it a literal city, so these are the things which Paul Testified of, John Revealed them amd wrote of them at an appointed time as he was the Man that Was Caught up into Paradise,

Amen

Sunday, November 4, 2018

Apokrifa

Daftar Isi: HAAG: Apokrif ; ENSIKLOPEDIA: APOKRIFA , BAHASA APOKRIFA ; BROWNING: APOKRIFA, KITAB-KITAB , DEUTEROKANONIK ; Apokrifa, Deuterokanonika Ke atas Apokrif [Kamus Haag] Apokrif. (Bhs. Yun: terselubung, rahasia). Dalam percakapan katolik sehari-hari dimaksud: Kitab-kitab Yahudi dan Kristen purba yang tidak masuk dalam daftar kanon (di dalam theologi protestan disebut: "pseudo-epigraf"). Sebagian kitab-kitab ~A. menunjukkan kesamaan-kesamaan tertentu dengan kitab-kitab kanonik. Sebagian dari tulisan itu diwariskan dengan nama seorang penulis dari KS. Penemuan baru di --> Kumran dan Nag Hamadi telah memperganda bahan-bahan ~A. (I) ~A. PL (Abad 2 sebelum Mas. sampai abad 1 sesudah Mas.). (1) ~A. cerita-cerita. Sebagian besar mempunyai sifat legenda. Cerita-cerita itu bagi pengertian penulis maupun bagi zamannya sangat memperkaya pandangan. Titel: Kitab Yubile, Mekrad Yesaya, Wahyu Musa, Surat --> Aristeas, Prolog untuk Sir., Yusuf dan Asenat, 3Esr, 3Mak. (2) ~A. Didaktik. Sebagian dipengaruhi pandangan ethis PL. Titel: Surat-surat wasiat ke 12 Patriarka, Mazm 15:1, Mazmur-mazmur Salomo, 4 Mak. (3) ~A. apokaliptis. Saksi-saksi --> Apokaliptik Yahudi dan eskatologi. Titel: 1 Kitab Henokh, 4 Esr, Syr Barukh, Wasiat Abraham, Sibilina. (II) ~A. PB (sejak abad 2 sesudah Mas.). (1) Injil-injil ~A. Yang dimaksud untuk mengisi lubang-lubang dalam penyajian injil kanonik. Dalam pengertian-pengertian theologisnya nampak adanya asal-usul gnostik. Titel: Injil untuk orang Ibr. --> untuk orang Mesir, -- untuk orang Ebiniom, Proto-injil Yakobus, Injil Thomas. (2) Kisah-kisah ~A. yang menceritakan secara panjang-lebar mukjijat dan perjalanan para Rasul. Sering ada kecenderungan ajaran bidaah. Titel: Kisah Petrus, -- Paulus, -- Andreas, -- Yohanes, -- Barnabas. (3) Surat-surat ~A. sebagian dimaksudkan sebagai semacam pengakuan privilelsi semu bagi gereja-gereja tertentu. Sebagian lagi dimaksudkan menjadi pengganti surat-surat Paulus yang hilang. Titel: Surat kepada umat di Laodisea, surat bagi umat di Aleksandria, surat-surat dari dan untuk orang-orang Korintus. (4) Wahyu-wahyu ~A. merupakan wahyu-wahyu yang menjanjikan suatu masa depan yang lebih baik. Titel: Why Petrus, -- Paulus, -- Yohanes dan Wahy. Maria. Ke atas APOKRIFA [Ensiklopedia] I. Keterangan Istilah apokrifa diturunkan dari bentuk jamak netral kata sifat Yunani apokrufos, artinya 'tersembunyi'. Kata ini dipakai sebagai istilah teknis mengenai kaitan beberapa kitab tertentu dengan PL. Artinya, kitab-kitab tertentu itu tidak dibenarkan untuk bacaan umum di gereja, tapi dianggap berharga untuk studi pribadi dan nilai rohani. Apokrifa meliputi sejumlah tambahan atas kitab-kitab pada Alkitab dalam bentuk LXX (yaitu Est, Dan, Yer dan Taw), dan kitab-kitab lainnya. Yg disebut terakhir meliputi buku-buku cerita purbakala, sejarah atau teologi, yg aslinya banyak ditulis dalam bh Ibrani atau bh Aram, tapi dipelihara atau diketahui dalam suatu kurun waktu hanya dalam bh Yunani. Semua kitab Apokrifa terdapat dalam Kanon LXX yg 'lunak', tapi dikeluarkan dari Kanon PL Ibrani oleh Sinode Yamnia. Pemakaian dan pendirian masyarakat Kristen tentang Apokrifa ini agak terombang-ambing hingga abad ke-16, ketika 12 karya dimasukkan ke dalam Kanon Alkitab Roma Katolik oleh Konsili di Trent. Umat Protestan menerimanya hanya untuk 'manfaat rohani yg pribadi' saja, bukan sebagai bagian dari Kanon. Karya-karya lain di luar ke-12 karya yg diperbincangkan di sini, biasanya disebut 'pseudepigrapha'. Ini pun dengan bebas dipakai sebelum abad ke-16 di gereja-gereja Timur Tengah yg terpencil, dan telah dipelihara hanya dalam bahasa-bahasa yg mereka pakai (mis bh Etiopia, Armenia dan Slavia). II. Isi 1. 1 Esdras (LXX, menurut Lukian, menyebutnya 2 Esdras, Yerome dlm Vulgata, 3 Esdras). Kitab ini menceritakan kembali kejadian-kejadian yg dicatat dalam Taw-Ezr-Neh dengan tambahan besar. Tambahan itu, disebut 'Perdebatan Tiga Pemuda', merupakan pinjaman dari sebuah cerita Persia, yg aslinya masih dapat ditelusuri dalam rinciannya: cerita tersebut menerangkan bagaimana Zerubabel, pengawal istana Darius, dengan memenangkan perdebatan mengenai yg mana kekuasaan yg paling besar (anggur, wanita atau kebenaran) memperoleh kesempatan mengingatkan raja Persia akan kewajibannya untuk mengizinkan Bait Suci dibangun kembali. Membandingkan 1 Esdras secara rinci dengan Ezra dalam LXX, jelas bahwa kedua-duanya merupakan terjemahan yg berdiri sendiri dari naskah Ibrani (MT): I Esdras mungkin lebih tua di antara keduanya. Ada beberapa pertentangan, bukan hanya mengenai isi naskah tapi juga mengenai urutan peristiwa dan raja Persia. Masih sering timbul keragu-raguan tentang kitab mana yg catatannya benar. Dalam beberapa hal 1 Esdras menyajikan bukti yg baik mengenai naskah Ibrani Ezra. I Esdras merupakan terjemahan bebas dan lancar, dan dikenal oleh Yosefus. 2. 2 Esdras (dlm Vulgata disebut 4 Esdras, juga disebut Apokaliptik Ezra). Kitab ini seperti yg ada sekarang dalam bh Latin kuno, merupakan perluasan yg dilakukan oleh penulis Kristen dari sebuah karya apokaliptik Yahudi, yg aslinya terdapat dalam ps 4-14. Ps-ps lainnya, yakni tambahan-tambahan oleh penulis-penulis Kristen, tidak terdapat pada beberapa terjemahan dalam bahasa-bahasa Timur Tengah. Bagian asli terdiri dari penglihatan. Dalam penglihatan pertama (3:1-5:19) pelihat meminta penjelasan mengenai penderitaan Sion, yg dosanya tidaklah lebih besar dibandingkan dosa penindasnya. Malaikat Uriel menjawab, bahwa hal ini tidak dapat dimengerti oleh manusia, tapi bahwa zaman baru yg segera datang akan membawa keselamatan. Penglihatan ke-2 (5:20-6:34) mempertanyakan soal yg sama -- mengapa Israel, yg dipilih oleh Allah, telah ditaklukkan oleh bangsa-bangsa asing: hal ini pun dikatakan tak dapat dipahami manusia. Zaman yg akan datang akan menyusuli zaman ini tanpa perhentian, didahului oleh tanda-tanda akhir zaman dan oleh suatu waktu pertobatan dan keselamatan. Hal ini memberi penghiburan kepada pelihat. Penglihatan ke-3 (6:35-9:25) mempertanyakan mengapa orang Yahudi tidak memiliki dunia ini; jawaban yg diberikan ialah, bahwa mereka akan mewarisinya pada zaman yg akan datang. Bermacam hal mengenai zaman yg akan datang dan kehidupan di dalamnya, termasuk betapa sedikitnya orang pilihan, juga dibicarakan. Penglihatan ke-4 (9:26-10:59) mengenai seorang wanita yg berdukacita yg menceritakan kesusahannya, dan kemudian diubah bentuknya menjadi sebuah kota yg mulia. Ini merupakan lambang Yerusalem. Penglihatan ke-5 (10:60-12:51) mengenai burung rajawali yg bersayap 12 dan berkepala 3 -- lambang Roma; malaikat yg menafsirkannya menerangkan secara gamblang bahwa Roma ialah kerajaan ke-4 yg disebut dalam Dan 7, yg akan dimusnahkan oleh Mesias. Sangat mungkin bahwa penglihatan ini ditulis pada masa pemerintahan Kaisar Domitianus. Penglihatan ke-6 (13:1-58) mengenai seorang laki-laki yg timbul dari taut, memusnahkan banyak orang yg memusuhinya. Penglihatan ini meminjam dari penglihatan dalam Dan 7 mengenai Anak Manusia. Penglihatan terakhir (ps 14) mengenai pokok perbaikan kitab-kitab suci Ibrani oleh Ezra, dengan bantuan suatu penglihatan dan penulis-penulis yg memperoleh pertolongan ilahi. Ada 94 kitab seperti itu, yakni 24 kitab dari Kanon Ibrani (PL) dan 70 karya yg bersifat rahasia atau apokaliptis. 3. Tobit (Tob), adalah cerita pendek yg saleh mengenai seorang Yahudi yg adil dan anaknya dari kerajaan utara yg turut dibuang ke Asyur. Mereka ialah Tobit dan putranya, Tobias. Tobit menderita kesusahan dan serba kekurangan sebab ia membantu orang-orang Israel yg tertindas di bawah pemerintahan Esarhadon yg lalim. Akhirnya secara kebetulan ia menjadi buta. Dan merupakan pukulan baginya karena istrinya terpaksa harus menyokongnya. Ia berdoa kalau boleh mati saja. Pada waktu yg sama, doa yg serupa dipanjatkan oleh Sarah, seorang wanita muda Yahudi di Ekbatana, yg kerasukan setan Asmodeus, yg telah membunuh 7 calon suaminya pada malam pengantin mereka. Malaikat Rafael diutus menyembuhkan keduanya. Tobias disuruh oleh ayahnya untuk mengambil 10 talenta perak yg ditinggalkan di Media. Rafael menyamar sebagai Azaria, yg disewa sebagai teman seperjalanan. Di S Tigris mereka menangkap seekor ikan. Atas saran Azaria, Tobias mengawetkan jantung, hati dan empedu ikan itu. Tobias tiba di Ekbatana lalu bertunangan dengan Sarah, yg ternyata kemudian adalah saudara sepupunya. Pada malam pengantin Tobias membakar jantung dan hati ikan tadi. Bau busuknya mengusir setan itu ke Mesir. Keluarganya menganggap Tobias sudah mati. Tapi sewaktu ia pulang (didahului oleh anjingnya) ia mengolesi mata ayahnya dengan empedu ikan dan memulihkan daya lihatnya. Cerita ini rupanya berasal dari Zaman Pembuangan ke Babel atau Persia, dan bahasa aslinya mungkin bh Aram. Tiga resensi kitab dalam bh Yunani telah diketahui, dan serpihan-serpihan dalam bh Ibrani dan bh Aram telah ditemukan di antara Gulungan Laut Mati. 4. Yudit (Ydt), menceritakan tentang seorang janda muda Yahudi yg berani, dan bagaimana tentara Nebukadnezar kalah oleh kelihaiannya. Penduduk Betulia dikepung oleh Holofernes, salah seorang jenderal Nebukadnezar. Sang janda mengunjungi jenderal di tenda penginapan, dengan tipu muslihat akan membocorkan rahasia militer kepada jenderal itu. Kemudian ia menggoda jenderal itu dengan rayuan kecantikannya yg memikat. Akhirnya, sedang ia melayani sang jenderal pada tengah malam, ia dapat memenggal kepala jenderal itu. Kemudian ia kembali ke kota dengan kepala itu, disambut dengan riang gembira. Pasukan Asyur (demikian aslinya!) mundur seketika mengetahui bahwa jenderal mereka dibunuh. Yudit dan para wanita Betulia bergembira, menyanyikan mazmur kepada Allah. Cerita ini memang fiksi, kalau bukan, ketidaktepatannya tak masuk akal. Ditulis pada abad 2 sM. Bahasa aslinya bh Ibrani, dan terjemahannya ke dalam bh Yunani (ada 4 resensinya) telah melestarikan dongeng ini untuk kita. 5. Tambahan pada Daniel, dalam LXX dan terjemahan Teodotion. Pada ps 3 ditambahkan 'Doa Azaria' yg diucapkan di perapian, dan Nyanyian Tiga Anak Suci yg dinyanyikan untuk memuji Allah, sewaktu ketiganya berjalan dalam perapian. Bahasa asli kedua tambahan ini nampaknya bh Ibrani. Pada kata pendahuluan Kitab Daniel dalam terjemahan Teodotion, kemudian dalam LXX, terdapat cerita tentang Susana, istri yg cantik dan baik hati dari seorang hartawan Yahudi di Babel. Dua tua-tua umat yg mendambakan wanita itu, menjumpai dia ketika mandi dan menyodorkannya pilihan: menyerah memenuhi keinginan mereka, atau menghadapi tuduhan palsu berbuat zinah. Susana memilih yg terakhir -- penuduh dipercayai, dan Susana dihukum menyangkal tak bersalah. Daniel, walaupun remaja belaka, memprotes keras ketidakadilan ini. Dalam pemeriksaan kedua di pengadilan dan di hadapannya, tuduhan dusta itu terungkap. Susana dinyatakan benar. Cerita-cerita Bel dan Ular Naga jelas ditulis untuk mencemoohkan penyembahan berhala. Daniel menunjukkan bahwa para imam Bel menelan persembahan makanan yg dipersembahkan setiap malam, jadi bukan berhala itu: karena itu raja membinasakannya. Sam naga keramat yg disembah di Babel dihancurkan oleh Daniel. Ia dilemparkan ke dalam tempat singa dan terlindung hidup selama 6 hari. Pada hari ke-6 nabi Habakuk secara ajaib diangkut dari Yudea untuk memberi makanan kepadanya: pada hari ke-7 Daniel dibebaskan oleh raja. Kedua cerita ini mungkin diterjemahkan dari cerita asli Semit, tapi belum pasti. Tambahan-tambahan pada Daniel ini merupakan contoh cerita-cerita saleh yg ditambahkan kepada cerita Daniel kr 100 sM. 6. Tambahan pada Ester, menambah besarnya kitab itu dalam terjemahan Yunani. Enam bagian ditambahkan. Pertama, mimpi Mordekhai dan makar mendongkel Raja yg dicegahnya. Ini mendahului ps 1. Bagian ke-2, yaitu maklumat raja untuk membinasakan semua orang Yahudi dalam wilayahnya. Ini mengikuti ps 3:13 dari kitab bh Ibrani. Bagian ke-3, terdiri dari doa-doa Ester dan Mordekhai mengikuti ps 4. Bagian ke-4, menggambarkan pertemuan Ester dengan raja, tambahan pada 5:12. Bagian ke-5, memuat maklumat raja yg mengizinkan bangsa Yahudi membela diri, mengikuti 8:12. Bagian ke-6 termasuk tafsiran mimpi Mordekhai; dan catatan tentang tarikh terjemahan Yunani dibawa ke Mesir. Mayoritas ahli berpendapat, semua bagian tersebut di atas merupakan tambahan kepada Kitab Est yg singkat dalam Kanon Ibrani, dan bahwa sebagian, kalau tidak semua, ditulis dalam bh Yunani. Namun demikian, beberapa ahli RK dan beberapa ahli lain (termasuk C. C Torrey) berpendapat, bahwa Ester dalam bh Ibrani merupakan singkatan dari suatu karya yg lebih besar dalam bh Ibrani atau Aram, dan versi Yunani diterjemahkan dari sumber itu. Tanda penerbit menunjukkan bahwa karya itu diterjemahkan di Palestina, beberapa tahun sebelum 114 sM, oleh Lisimakhus, putra Ptolemeus, orang Yerusalem. 7. Doa Manasye, menuntut sama dengan doa yg disebut dalam 2 Taw 33:11-19. Menurut pandangan mayoritas ahli, doa ini dikarang oleh seorang Yahudi dalam bh Ibrani. Bagaimanapun juga, karya ini terdapat dalam Didascalia dari Siria (abad ke-3 M) dan dalam Nyanyian (yg dikumpulkan dari PL dan PB, dan dipakai dlm ibadah Kristen) yg ditambahkan kepada Kitab Mzm dalam beberapa naskah dari LXX, mis Kodeks Aleksandrinus. 8. Surat Yeremia, merupakan contoh serangan Yunani-Ibrani yg biasa terhadap pemujaan berhala, dengan berkedok sepucuk surat dari Yeremia kepada orang-orang buangan di Babel. Mirip dengan yg disebut dalam Yer 29. Berhala ditertawakan; kejahatan dan kebodohan yg terkait dengannya disingkapkan. Orang-orang Yahudi yg ditawan dihimbau untuk tidak memuja ataupun takut kepadanya. Kitab ini ditulis dalam bh Yunani yg baik. Aslinya mungkin bh Aram. 9. Kitab Barukh (Bar), menyamar sebagai karya teman dan sekretaris Yeremia. Karya itu singkat. Menurut banyak ahli merupakan suatu gabungan, karya dari 2, 3 atau 4 penulis. Bagian-bagiannya sbb: a. 1: 1-3:8. Sesuai keadaan Babel thn 597, Barukh dilukiskan berbicara kepada orang-orang buangan, mereka mengakui dosa-dosa mereka lalu berdoa mohon pengampunan dan keselamatan. b. 3:9-4:4. Bagian ini mengemukakan pujian atas kebijaksanaan yg dapat ditemukan dalam Taurat. Tanpa Taurat orang kafir tak dapat mencapai apa-apa, tapi dengan Taurat orang Israel akan diselamatkan. c. 4:5-5:9. Ratapan dari Yerusalem karena orang-orang buangan, diikuti oleh suatu desakan ke Yerusalem untuk menerima hiburan, karena anak-anaknya akan dibawa pulang ke rumahnya. Bagian pertama jelas ditulis dalam bh Ibrani, dan meskipun bh Yunani dalam bagian-bagian berikut cukup lancar, namun ada kemungkinan bahwa aslinya ditulis dalam bh Ibrani. 10. Kebijaksanaan Yosua (atau Yesus) Bin Sira (Sir), dalam LXX disebut Ecclesiasticus. Yosua Bin Sira, orang Palestina, tinggal di Yerusalem, dan beberapa bagian dari karyanya dalam bh Ibrani terdapat dalam naskah-naskah dari Geniza di Kairo. Kitab ini terdapat antara Kitab-kitab Apokrifa dalam terjemahan Yunani yg dibuat oleh cucu Bin Sira. Terlengkap dalam hal rincian tentang kronologi yg ada dalam Pendahuluan. Tarikh yg paling sesuai untuk Bin Sira ialah kr 180 sM, karena cucunya ternyata pindah ke Mesir ketika pemerintahan Ptolemeus VII Euergetes (170117 sM). Penulis menyusun karyanya dalam dua bagian, yakni: ps 1-23 dan ps 24-50, dengan sebuah tambahan singkat, ps 51. Seperti kitab-kitab Kebijaksanaan lainnya, Kitab Bin Sira merupakan nasihat untuk mencapai kehidupan yg berhasil, dipahami dalam arti yang seluas-luasnya; takut akan Tuhan dan ketaatan pada Hukum-Nya dihubungkan dalam pengalaman dan ajaran penulis dengan'kebijaksanaan' praktis yg ditimbanya dari pengamatan dan kehidupannya sendiri. Kesalehan pribadi akan terungkap dalam ketaatan pada hukum Taurat, di mana Kebijaksanaan menampakkan diri; dalam seluruh segi kehidupan sehari-hari sikap yg paling baik ialah sikap yg tidak berlebih-lebihan. Bagian kedua diakhiri dengan pujian terhadap 'orang-orang termasyhur', suatu daftar orang-orang Israel yg paling berjasa, yg berakhir dengan Simon II, Imam Agung kr 200 sM, yg juga terkenal dari Misyna (Aboth 1:2) dan Yosefus (Ant Ibr 12:2-24). Dalam kitab ini terlihat gambaran ideal seorang ahli Taurat, seperti Bin Sira sendiri, yg kemudian menjadi cita-cita golongan Yahudi ortodoks. Orang ini taat kepada Allah, taat kepada hukum Taurat, sederhana dalam kehidupan, dan nilainya yg paling tinggi ialah mencapai pengetahuan akan Taurat. Kitab ini sangat disenangi oleh orang Kristen, seperti nampak pada judulnya dalam bh Yunani, yaitu Eccle-siasticus, yg berarti 'Kitab Gereja'. Orang Yahudi, walaupun tidak pernah menerimanya ke dalam Kanon Alkitab, namun sangat menghormatinya, dan kadang-kadang para nabi mengutipnya seolah-olah itu Alkitab. Terjemahan Siria dibuat orang Yahudi dan langsung berdasarkan naskah Ibrani. 11. Kebijaksanaan Salomo (Keb), dapat disebut puncak dari sastra Kebijaksanaan Yahudi. Akarnya terdapat dalam sastra Kebijaksanaan PL dan Apokrifa. Tapi karena pengaruh pemikiran Yunani, kitab itu mencapai bentuk dan ketelitian yg lebih baik dibandingkan contoh-contoh sastra sejenis. Kitab Kebijaksanaan merupakan dorongan untuk mencari kebijaksanaan. Ps 1-5 menyatakan berkat-berkat yg bertambah-tambah atas orang Yahudi yg mencari kebijaksanaan; ps 6-9 memuji Kebijaksanaan yg ilahi, yg dipandang sebagai makhluk wanita sorgawi, yg terutama dari makhluk-makhluk dan pelayan-pelayan Allah; ps 10-19 meninjau sejarah PL untuk menunjukkan bahwa Kebijaksanaan telah senantiasa membantu teman-temannya orang Yahudi, dan telah menjatuhkan hukuman dan kutukan kepada lawan-lawannya. Karena itu kebijaksanaan dapat ditafsirkan sebagai dorongan kepada orang Yahudi untuk tidak meninggalkan kepercayaan nenek moyangnya. Tapi dalamnya terdapat juga motif penginjilan kepada masyarakat non-Yahudi, yg mencolok dalam Yudaisme Helenistis. Penulis memakai sumber-sumber Ibrani. Tapi nampak jelas bahwa Kebijaksanaan itu sebagaimana adanya, ditulis dalam bh Yunani, karena ilmu persajakan dan istilah-istilah filsafat yg dipakainya bersifat Yunani dan tergantung pada PL terjemahan Yunani. Ketergantungan penulis pada pemikiran Yunani paling jelas dalam hal ia memakai istilah Stois dan Platonis untuk menggambarkan Kebijaksanaan, dan dalam hal ia yakin akan kekekalan jiwa. Menurut pendapat mayoritas ilmuwan, tidak ada alasan untuk menyangkal bahwa kitab ini karya satu orang saja, tapi berbagai sumber yg dipakainya dapat ditelusuri. Penulis Kebijaksanaan tidak diketahui, tapi sangat mungkin seorang dari Aleksandria. 12. Kitab-kitab Makabe. Ada beberapa kitab diberi judul Makabe: 1 dan 2 Makabe (1 Mak dan 2 Mak) dimuat dalam Apokrifa. 1 Mak meliputi kejadian-kejadian dari 175 s/d 134 sM, yakni perjuangan dengan Antiokhus Epifanes, peperangan kaum Hasmon, dan pemerintahan Yohanes Hirkanus. Kitab ini diakhiri dengan pujian terhadap Yohanes, dan terang ditulis sesudah ia meninggal pada thn 103 sM. Aslinya tertulis dalam bh Ibrani. Tapi disadur ke dalam gaya sastra dari bagian tertentu LXX. Tujuannya ialah untuk memuliakan keluarga Makabe yg dilihat sebagai unggulan Yudaisme. Muasal 2 Mak lain: mencakup sejarah yg sama seperti dalam 1 Mak, tapi tidak dilanjutkan sesudah kampanye dan kekalahan Nikanor. Penulisnya yg tak dikenal kadang-kadang disebut 'Penyunting', karena bagian besar dari bukunya dikutip dari karya yg tak dikenal lagi oleh Yason dari Kirene. Terdapat sejumlah ketidaksesuaian mengenai waktu dan angka antara 1 dan 2 Mak, biasanya 1 Mak dianggap lebih dapat dipercaya. Ada orang yg meragukan kesejatian surat-surat dan maklumat-maklumat yg dimuat dalam kedua karya ini. Namun keduanya masih dapat diterima sebagai sumber pengetahuan tentang sejarah zamannya. 13. 3 dan 4 Makabe, terdapat dalam beberapa naskah LXX. 3 Mak menceritakan pembunuhan dan balasan pembunuhan di bawah pemerintahan Ptolemeus IV (221-204 sM). Agak mirip dengan Kitab Est dalam nada dan suasana. 4 Mak bukanlah cerita, tapi tulisan tentang pemerintahan akal budi atas nafsu-nafsu, dijelaskan dari cerita-cerita Alkitab dan cerita-cerita mengenai martir dalam 2 Mak ps 6 dan 7. Penulis berusaha untuk meningkatkan hukum Taurat, walaupun ia sangat dipengaruhi oleh filsafat Stoa. KEPUSTAKAAN. R. H Charles (red), The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, 1913; Religious development between the Old and New Testaments, 1914; C. C Torrey, The Apocryphal Literature, 1945; P. H Pfeiffer, History of New Testament Times with an Introduction to the Apocrypha, 1949; B. M Metzger, An Introduction to the Apocrypha, 1957. JNB/NY WBS Ke atas BAHASA APOKRIFA [Ensiklopedia] Yg disebut Kitab-kitab --> Apokrifa terdiri dari kelompok buku yg beraneka ragam. Dengan demikian bicara tentang bahasanya berarti bicara tentang tiap kitab dan persoalan bahasa masing-masing. Kitab-kitab tsb dijumpai dalam naskah-naskah LXX dan berbentuk terjemahan dalam bh Yunani. Bahasa Yunani kitab-kitab itu beraneka ragam, mis dalam Tobit, Yudit, Bin Sira dan I Makabe dijumpai bh Yunani 'terjemahan'. Dalam 1 Esdras dan Kebijaksanaan Salomo 1-9 dijumpai bh Yunani yg lancar tapi masih dapat dirasakan pengaruh bh aslinya; bh Yunani dari sisa Kitab Kebijaksanaan Salomo dan 2 Makabe adalah murni dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh bh-bh lain, walaupun kedua kitab ini sangat berbeda bobot sastranya. Dengan 'pakaian' Yunani ini Kitab-kitab Apokrifa menunjukkan tahapan-tahapan dari bermacam-macam karya dalam bh Yunani yg diterima orang Yahudi pada abad 3 sM. Karya-karya tulis ini mengandung masalah-masalah teks yg tidak jauh berbeda dari pola umum kritik teks LXX. Sering diduga bahwa kitab-kitab yg jelas didasarkan pada tulisan-tulisan asli dalam bh Semit ditulis dalam bh Ibrani. Tapi C. C Torrey mempertanyakan apakah karya-karya itu tidak ditulis dalam bh Aram, setidak-tidaknya beberapa kitab. Pengetahuannya mengenai bh Aram adalah luas, dan sumbangannya untuk penelitian Alkitab senantiasa menantang dan merangsang. Kadang-kadang karyanya itu memberikan pemecahan atas masalah-masalah lama atau baru, walaupun tidak selalu meyakinkan atau perlu (lih resensi G. R Driver atas karya Torrey mengenai Why, terbit sesudah ia meninggal, JTS n. s. 11, 1960, hlm 383-389). Hal ini penting diingat bila kita menilai pendapatnya mengenai bh Kitab-kitab Apokrifa. Asal-usul bh Ibrani dari beberapa kitab cukup jelas. Ini tidak ditentang oleh Torrey. Kitab I Makabe diterjemahkan dari bh Ibrani oleh penterjemah yg lebih mengenal bh Yunani daripada bb Ibrani. Tanda-tanda dari asal-usul itu dapat dilihat, mis pada 1:28; 9:24; 14:28. Kitab Yudit jelas berasal dari bh Ibrani, dan ini dinyatakan oleh ungkapan-ungkapan ump: apo prosopou, eis prosopon, dan penggunaan kata en. Pendahuluan dari Kitab Kebijaksanaan Bin Sira, sering dikatakan Eklesiastikus, ditulis dalam bh Ibrani. Bagian besar dari naskah ini ditemukan di Geniza di kota Kairo thn 1896. Tambahan Kitab Daniel berasal dari bh Ibrani. Ini nampak pada beberapa ay dari bagian doa Azaria 17 (3:40 dlm teks Yunani yg terus-menerus) dan Susana 15. Kitab Doa Manase dalam bh Yunani amat lancar; tapi ketidakjelasan dalam ay 4 dan 7 nampaknya adalah akibat dari ungkapan-ungkapan Ibrani yg tidak berhasil diterjemahkan dengan sempurna. Kitab Barukh pada 4:5 menunjukkan bukti adanya kesalahan penulisan dalam bh Ibrani (dibaca zikhron sebagai ganti zikhru) yg diterjemahkan ke dalam bh Yunani. Kitab I Esdras diterjemahkan dari sumber asli yg dikenal, sebagian dalam bh Ibrani dan sebagian lagi dalam bh Aram; terjemahannya tinggi mutunya. Dari kelompok kitab-kitab ini, sembilan ps pertama Kitab Kebijaksanaan Salomo, telah diterima oleh kebanyakan ahli sebagai berasal dari bh Ibrani. Kesembilan ps itu diterjemahkan oleh pengarang dari ps-ps lainnya, dan diduga juga menambahkan ps 6:22-8:1. Dugaan umum mengatakan bahwa Kitab Tobit diterjemahkan dari suatu bh Semit. Pfeiffer berpendapat bahwa baik Ibrani maupun Aram sama-sama mungkin sebagai sumbernya, tapi Aram adalah lebih mungkin. Torrey mengusulkan untuk membuktikan hipotesa yg terakhir ini dalam 14:10, di mana Manase ditulis tanpa makna (naskah-naskah B dan A), suatu partisipium asli dengan awalan obyektif menasseh, 'orang yg meninggikan dia', 'penolongnya'. (Fragmen-fragmen dari Tobit baik dim bh Ibrani maupun bh Aram telah ditemukan dim naskah-naskah Qumran.) Surat kiriman Yeremia menimbulkan perdebatan; beberapa ahli masih berpendapat bahwa naskah ini ditulis langsung dalam bh Yunani. Masalahnya yg paling pelik ialah 'pelacur-pelacur di atas atap' (ay 11). Torrey melihat di sini adanya bukti salah terjemahan dari `al 'agra, 'untuk sewa mereka', sebagai `al 'iggara. Tapi dua terjemahan Yunani stegous/tegous dapat diartikan sebagai 'rumah pelacuran', sehingga dalam hal ini hipotesa terjemahan yg keliru ini kelihatannya kurang perlu. Dalam 2 Esdras (tidak lagi dijumpai naskah Yunani) berbagai hipotesa dapat dikembangkan untuk mencari sumbernya baik dalam bh Ibrani maupun bh Aram. Masalah yg berkaitan dengan Kitab Tambahan Ester lebih besar dari sekedar diskusi mengenai bh saja. Jika alasan Torrey bahwa kitab ini justru merupakan bentuk Kitab Est yg asli, dianggap benar, maka naskah Aramnya mungkin merupakan yg asli. Tapi alasan ini belum diterima oleh kebanyakan ahli. Akhirnya, Kitab 2 Makabe merupakan karangan dalam bh Yunani; karya ini merupakan usaha tiruan tingkat tinggi guna mencapai puncak karya rhetoris. Surat-surat yg dijumpai dalam ps 1 dan 2 mungkin asli, dan nampak berasal dari sumber bh Semit, mungkin dalam bh Aram. Dalam perdebatan mengenai bahasa ini mungkin berfaedah untuk mengingat catatan G. R Driver yg menyebutkan tentang salah seorang pengarang, bahwa harus dipertimbangkan baik asli Ibrani maupun asli Aram. Bahwa bh yg satu makin banyak dipakai dalam percakapan sewaktu Kitab Apokrifa itu ditulis, sedangkan bh yg lain masih tetap merupakan sarana pengungkapan sastra dan di sana sini masih digunakan sebagai bh lisan, maka mungkin sekali naskah-naskah dalam kedua bh itu berpengaruh terhadap terjemahan Yunani yg menjadi bentuk akhir dari kitab-kitab ini. Fakta ini membuka kemungkinan untuk timbulnya pemahaman-pemahaman yg berbeda mengenai masalah ini. KEPUSTAKAAN. R. H Charles, The Apocrypha and Epigrapha of the Old Testament, 2 jilid, 1913; C. C Torrey, The Apocryphal Literature, 1945; R. H Pfeiffer, History of New Testament Times with an Introduction to the Apocrypha, 1949; E. A Speiser, 'The Hebrew Origin of the First Part of the Book of Wisdom',JQR (NS) 14, 1924, hlm 455-482; C. E Purinton, 'Translation Greek in the Wisdom of Solomon', JBL 47, 1928, hlm 276-304; C. C Torrey, 'The Older Book of Esther', HTR 37, 1944, hlm 1-40. JNB/SS Ke atas APOKRIFA, KITAB-KITAB [Kamus Browning] Setelah keruntuhan Yerusalem (70 M) masa depan --> Yudaisme ditegakkan oleh tradisi para rabi --> Farisi. Mereka menerima 24 kitab dalam Kitab Suci Ibrani sebagai yang otoritatif, tetapi menolak sejumlah karya Yahudi yang digunakan di --> Aleksandria, yang kita kenal dalam manuskrip-manuskrip --> LXX sebagai Kitab-kitab Apokrifa (kata Yunani yang berarti 'sesuatu yang disembunyikan'). Karya-karya bahasa Yunani, bahkan seandainya aslinya disusun di dalam bahasa Ibrani (mis. 1Mak.), yang ditulis setelah zaman --> Ezra, ketika nubuat telah tak ada lagi, tidak dapat diterima. Pada umumnya, umat Kristen menerima daftar yang lebih panjang -- walaupun ketika *Hieronimus menerjemahkan PL ke dalam bahasa Latin untuk *Vulgatanya, ia memperlakukan tambahan-tambahan apokrif sebagai sesuatu yang mendatangkan kebaikan namun bukan merupakan bagian --> kanon. Namun, pada akhirnya tulisan-tulisan yang ditolak oleh Hieronimus ini dimasukkan dari versi Latin Kuno, yang untuk menggantikannya Hieronimus telah bekerja keras.Kitab-kitab Apokrifa disebut --> deuterokanonik (pada tingkat kedua) oleh Gereja Katolik Roma, untuk membedakannya dari kitab-kitab protokanonik (tingkat pertama), namun kitab-kitab tersebut dianggap autoritatif dan ditempatkan secara layak dalam PL (namun, pada Konsili Trente, 1545-1564, 3 dan 4 Esdras ditolak sebagai kitab yang otoritatif, dan diturunkan sebagai lampiran). Dalam Reformasi kaum Protestan kembali pada kanon PL Ibrani yang lebih pendek, sebab dalam 2 Makabe mereka menemukan petunjuk mengenai doktrin api penyucian, yang tidak mereka akui. Mereka juga mengaku telah menemukan dalam Kitab Tobit doktrin Katolik yang tak dapat diterima mengenai pembenaran oleh perbuatan. Alkitab Luther dari tahun 1534 telah menggeser kitab-kitab ini sebagai lampiran. Gereja Inggris menggunakan Kitab-kitab Apokrifa sebagai 'teladan kehidupan dan petunjuk perilaku', tetapi tidak untuk menegakkan doktrin. Kepastian tingkat Kitab-kitab Apokrifa tidak disepakati secara umum, dan beberapa di antaranya dikenal dengan judul yang berbeda-beda. Daftarnya diberikan pada pendahuluan kamus ini. Ke atas DEUTEROKANONIK [Kamus Browning] Istilah ini digunakan, terutama dalam karya-karya Katolik Romawi, untuk kitab-kitab yang terdapat dalam --> LXX, namun tidak terdapat dalam PL Ibrani, dan di lain tempat disebut *Apokrif